THE OTHER SIDES OF PESANTREN: MAGICAL PRACTICES AROUND PESANTREN IN BANTEN
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.32332/akademika.v26i2.3694Keywords:
Banten, culture, magical knowledge, magical practices, and santriAbstract
Pesantren in Banten have different characteristics compare to other pesantren in Indonesia. Discussing about this Province, most people believe that Banten is of a Province in Indonesia which is famous with its Ulama, Kyai, Santri and Pesantren. This research discusses about practices of magical culture in Pesantren around Banten. The research model used in this study is qualitative-descriptive. Historical studies are used to present a narrative and chronological presentation of the storyline of a discussion. Results showed that stereotypes and beliefs arise because Islamic values have traditionally been rooted in most Banten citizens, culturally and ritually. One of the characteristic of Pesantren in Banten is that every santri are taught with magic, silat and tasawuf knowledge. Those are characteristics that have always been a matter of discussion, people believe that there are practices of magic in every pesantren in Banten. Some sources call Banten a center for the occult sciences, as well as being known as a religious area. Magical practice is still considered important for the people of Banten, especially those living in rural areas to solve practical problems in their social life. In addition, the existence of jawara and pesantren has created its own cult which is somewhat different from the dominant culture of Banten society
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References
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Bunni, Imam Ahmad bin Ali Al-. <em>Manba’ Ushul Hikmah</em>. Bairut: Darul Fikr, n.d.</br>
Bunni, Imam Ahmad bin Ali Al-. <em>Shams Al-Ma’ārif al-Kubrā</em>. Bairut: Darul Fikr, 1985.</br>
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Dhavamony, Mariasusai. <em>Fenomenologi Agama</em>. Kelompok S. Yogyakarta: Kanisius, 1995.</br>
Dhofer, Zamakhsyari. “Tradisi Pesantren: Studi Pandangan Hidup Kiai Dan Visinya Mengenai Masa Depan Indonesia.” <em>(Jakarta: LP3ES)</em> (2011).</br>
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Hambali. “Pengetahuan Mistis Dalam Konteks Islam Dan Filsafat Ilmu Pengetahuan.” <em>Substantia: Jurnal Ilmu-Ilmu Ushuluddin</em> 13, no. 02 (2011).</br>
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Kuntowijoyo. “Pengantar Ilmu Sejarah.” <em>Jurnal Ilmu Sejarah dan Kebudayaan</em> (2013).</br>
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Mahrusillah, Kyai. “Personal Communication,” 2017.</br>
Mas’ud, Ali, Ah. Zaki Fuad, and Achmad Zaini. “Evolution and Orientation of Islamic Education in Indonesia and Malaysia.” <em>Journal Of Indonesian Islam</em> 13, no. 1 (June 2, 2019): 21.</br>
Maulana, Herdi, and Maisyarah Rahmi. “Penggunaan Rajah Dan Wafaq Sebagai Azimat Pelaris Dagangan Dalam Hukum Islam: Studi Kasus Pasar Berkat Di Loa Janan Ilir.” <em>Qonun: Jurnal Hukum Islam dan Perundang-undangan</em> 1, no. 1 (2020).</br>
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Muslim, Asep, and Dkk. “Dinamika Peran Sosial Politik Ulama Dan Jawara Di Pandeglang Banten.” <em>Mimbar</em> 13, no. 2 (2015).</br>
Nafisah, Siti Durrotun. “Melacak Sumber-Sumber Penggunaan Ayat-Ayat Pengobatan Dalam Kitab Shams Al-Ma’ārif Al-Kubrā.” <em>Al Itqon: Jurnal Studi Al-Qur’an</em> 5, no. 1 (2019).</br>
Peursen, C.A. van. <em>Strategi Kebudayaan</em>. Yogyakarta: Kanisius, 1988.</br>
Pranoto, Ki Agung. <em>Saatnya Dukun Bicara: Tinjauan Kritis Terhadap Takhayul Dan Kebatinan</em>. Yogyakarta: Galang Press, 2000.</br>
Pribadi, Yanwar. “Another Side of Islam in Banten: The Socio-Political Roles of Jawara during the New Order Era 1966-1998.” <em>Journal Of Indonesian Islam</em> 7, no. 2 (December 1, 2013): 314.</br>
Pribadi, Yanwar. “Pesantren Pluralis: Peran Pesantren Ngalah Dalam Mengembangkan Nilai-Nilai Pluralisme Di Tengah Masyarakat Yang Multikultural, by M. Muntahibun Nafis.” <em>Bijdragen tot de taal-, land- en volkenkunde / Journal of the Humanities and Social Sciences of Southeast Asia</em> 174, no. 2–3 (January 1, 2018): 333–337.</br>
Provencher, Ronald, Ahmad Ibrahim, Sharon Siddique, Yasmin Hussain, and Taufik Abdallah. “Readings on Islam in Southeast Asia.” <em>Journal of the American Oriental Society</em> (1990).</br>
Rawls, John, Bronislaw Malinowski, and Robert Redfield. “Magic, Science, and Religion and Other Essays.” <em>The Philosophical Review</em> (1948).</br>
Rohman. “The Result of a Holy Alliance: Debus and Tariqah in Banten Province.” <em>Afkaruna: Jurnal Ilmu-Ilmu Keislaman</em> 9, no. 1 (2013).</br>
Shadily (ed.), Hasan. “Magi.” <em>Ensiklopedi Nasional Indonesia</em>. Cipta Adi Pustaka, 1990.</br>
Tihami, M.A. “Kiyai Dan Jawara Di Banten, Studi Tentang Agama, Magi, Dan Kepemimpinan Di Desa Pesanggrahan Serang Banten.” University of Indonesia, 1992.</br>
Tihami, M.A. “Kyai Dan Jawara Di Banten.” Indonesia University, 1991.</br>
UIN Jakarta, Tim PPIM. “Strengthening Civic Values Through Pesantren and Madrasah.” <em>Studia Islamika</em> 15, no. 2 (August 31, 2008). Accessed October 29, 2021. <a href="http://journal.uinjkt.ac.id/index.php/studia-islamika/article/view/535">http://journal.uinjkt.ac.id/index.php/studia-islamika/article/view/535</a>.</br>
Bruinessen, Martin Van. <em>Kitab Kuning, Pesantren Dan Tarekat</em>. <em>Yogyakarta, Gading Publising</em>, 2015.</br>
Bunni, Imam Ahmad bin Ali Al-. <em>Manba’ Ushul Hikmah</em>. Bairut: Darul Fikr, n.d.</br>
Bunni, Imam Ahmad bin Ali Al-. <em>Shams Al-Ma’ārif al-Kubrā</em>. Bairut: Darul Fikr, 1985.</br>
Davies, Sharyn Graham. “Gender and Power in Indonesian Islam: Leaders, Feminists, Sufis and Pesantren Selves.” <em>Theology & Sexuality</em> 22, no. 1–2 (May 16, 2016): 128–130.</br>
Dhavamony, Mariasusai. <em>Fenomenologi Agama</em>. Kelompok S. Yogyakarta: Kanisius, 1995.</br>
Dhofer, Zamakhsyari. “Tradisi Pesantren: Studi Pandangan Hidup Kiai Dan Visinya Mengenai Masa Depan Indonesia.” <em>(Jakarta: LP3ES)</em> (2011).</br>
Dijk, Cees Van. <em>Magic and Violence</em>. <em>Paper Presented at the 13th Annual Workshop European Social Science Java Network (ESSJN): Youth and Identity</em>. Marseilles, 2002.</br>
Fahad, Kyai. “Personal Communication,” 2017.</br>
Fauzi, Muhammad Latif. “Traditional Islam in Javanese Society: The Roles of Kyai and Pesantren in Preserving Islamic Tradition and Negotiating Modernity.” <em>Journal Of Indonesian Islam</em> 6, no. 1 (June 1, 2012): 125.</br>
Gazali, Hatim, and Abd. Malik. “Pesantren and the Freedom of Thinking: Study of Ma‘had Aly Pesantren Sukorejo Situbondo, East Java, Indonesia.” <em>Al-Jami’ah: Journal of Islamic Studies</em> 47, no. 2 (December 20, 2009): 295–316.</br>
Hambali. “Pengetahuan Mistis Dalam Konteks Islam Dan Filsafat Ilmu Pengetahuan.” <em>Substantia: Jurnal Ilmu-Ilmu Ushuluddin</em> 13, no. 02 (2011).</br>
Hood, Ralph W., and Daniel Lawrence O’Keefe. “Stolen Lightning: The Social Theory of Magic.” <em>Sociological Analysis</em> (1982).</br>
Hudaeri, Mohamad. “Tasbih dan Golok.” <em>Alqalam</em> (2003).</br>
Humaeni, Ayatullah. “Penggunaan Magic Dalam Politik Lokal Di Banten.” <em>Masyarakat, Kebudayaan dan Politik</em> (2014).</br>
Humaeni, Ayatullah. “The Basic Concepts of Magic And The Kinds of Magic in Banten Society.” <em>Al-Fath</em> 03, no. 01 (2009).</br>
Humaeni, Ayatullah. “The LocaL Tradition of Magical Practices in Banten Society.” <em>El-Harakah</em> (2012).</br>
Irfani, Fahmi. “Islam Dan Budaya Banten.” <em>Buletin Al-Turas</em> 16, no. 1 (2010): 202–203.</br>
Irfani, Fahmi. “Jawara Banten, Sebuah Kajian Sosial, Politik Dan Budaya.” UIN Syarif Hidayatullah, 2011.</br>
Isbah, M. Falikul. “Pesantren in the Changing Indonesian Context: History and Current Developments.” <em>QIJIS (Qudus International Journal of Islamic Studies)</em> 8, no. 1 (June 22, 2020): 65.</br>
Jamhari, Jamhari. “New Trend of Islamic Education in Indonesia.” <em>Studia Islamika</em> 16, no. 2 (August 31, 2009). Accessed October 29, 2021. <a href="http://journal.uinjkt.ac.id/index.php/studia-islamika/article/view/482">http://journal.uinjkt.ac.id/index.php/studia-islamika/article/view/482</a>.</br>
John, Mulhollanc. “Magic.” <em>The World Encyclopedia</em>. Field Enterprises Educational Corp, 1964.</br>
Koentjaraningrat. <em>Beberapa Pokok Antropologi Sosial</em>. Jakarta: Dian Rakyat, 1985.</br>
Koentjaraningrat. “‘Manusia Dan Kebudayaan Di Indonesia.’” <em>Djambatan</em> (2010).</br>
Kuntowijoyo. “Pengantar Ilmu Sejarah.” <em>Jurnal Ilmu Sejarah dan Kebudayaan</em> (2013).</br>
Lukens-Bull, Ronald. “Madrasa By Any Other Name: Pondok, Pesantren, and Islamic Schools in Indonesia and Larger Southeast Asian Region.” <em>Journal of Indonesian Islam</em> 4, no. 1 (June 1, 2010): 1.</br>
Mahrusillah, Kyai. “Personal Communication,” 2017.</br>
Mas’ud, Ali, Ah. Zaki Fuad, and Achmad Zaini. “Evolution and Orientation of Islamic Education in Indonesia and Malaysia.” <em>Journal Of Indonesian Islam</em> 13, no. 1 (June 2, 2019): 21.</br>
Maulana, Herdi, and Maisyarah Rahmi. “Penggunaan Rajah Dan Wafaq Sebagai Azimat Pelaris Dagangan Dalam Hukum Islam: Studi Kasus Pasar Berkat Di Loa Janan Ilir.” <em>Qonun: Jurnal Hukum Islam dan Perundang-undangan</em> 1, no. 1 (2020).</br>
Mauss, Marcel. <em>A General Theory of Magic</em>. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 1975.</br>
Muqoyyidin, Andik Wahyun. “Islam Jawa, Distingsi Tradisi, Transformasi Spirit Profetik, Dan Globalisasi.” <em>Akademika</em><em> : Jurnal Pemikiran Islam</em> 21, no. 1 (2016). <a href="https://e-journal.metrouniv.ac.id/index.php/akademika/article/view/458">https://e-journal.metrouniv.ac.id/index.php/akademika/article/view/458</a>.</br>
Muslim, Asep, and Dkk. “Dinamika Peran Sosial Politik Ulama Dan Jawara Di Pandeglang Banten.” <em>Mimbar</em> 13, no. 2 (2015).</br>
Nafisah, Siti Durrotun. “Melacak Sumber-Sumber Penggunaan Ayat-Ayat Pengobatan Dalam Kitab Shams Al-Ma’ārif Al-Kubrā.” <em>Al Itqon: Jurnal Studi Al-Qur’an</em> 5, no. 1 (2019).</br>
Peursen, C.A. van. <em>Strategi Kebudayaan</em>. Yogyakarta: Kanisius, 1988.</br>
Pranoto, Ki Agung. <em>Saatnya Dukun Bicara: Tinjauan Kritis Terhadap Takhayul Dan Kebatinan</em>. Yogyakarta: Galang Press, 2000.</br>
Pribadi, Yanwar. “Another Side of Islam in Banten: The Socio-Political Roles of Jawara during the New Order Era 1966-1998.” <em>Journal Of Indonesian Islam</em> 7, no. 2 (December 1, 2013): 314.</br>
Pribadi, Yanwar. “Pesantren Pluralis: Peran Pesantren Ngalah Dalam Mengembangkan Nilai-Nilai Pluralisme Di Tengah Masyarakat Yang Multikultural, by M. Muntahibun Nafis.” <em>Bijdragen tot de taal-, land- en volkenkunde / Journal of the Humanities and Social Sciences of Southeast Asia</em> 174, no. 2–3 (January 1, 2018): 333–337.</br>
Provencher, Ronald, Ahmad Ibrahim, Sharon Siddique, Yasmin Hussain, and Taufik Abdallah. “Readings on Islam in Southeast Asia.” <em>Journal of the American Oriental Society</em> (1990).</br>
Rawls, John, Bronislaw Malinowski, and Robert Redfield. “Magic, Science, and Religion and Other Essays.” <em>The Philosophical Review</em> (1948).</br>
Rohman. “The Result of a Holy Alliance: Debus and Tariqah in Banten Province.” <em>Afkaruna: Jurnal Ilmu-Ilmu Keislaman</em> 9, no. 1 (2013).</br>
Shadily (ed.), Hasan. “Magi.” <em>Ensiklopedi Nasional Indonesia</em>. Cipta Adi Pustaka, 1990.</br>
Tihami, M.A. “Kiyai Dan Jawara Di Banten, Studi Tentang Agama, Magi, Dan Kepemimpinan Di Desa Pesanggrahan Serang Banten.” University of Indonesia, 1992.</br>
Tihami, M.A. “Kyai Dan Jawara Di Banten.” Indonesia University, 1991.</br>
UIN Jakarta, Tim PPIM. “Strengthening Civic Values Through Pesantren and Madrasah.” <em>Studia Islamika</em> 15, no. 2 (August 31, 2008). Accessed October 29, 2021. <a href="http://journal.uinjkt.ac.id/index.php/studia-islamika/article/view/535">http://journal.uinjkt.ac.id/index.php/studia-islamika/article/view/535</a>.</br>
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2021-12-17
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