Harmonizing Contemporary International Commercial Law with Sharia-Based National Legal Systems: A Comparative Study of Pakistan, Turkey, Indonesia, Malaysia, and Saudi Arabia

Muhammad Azam; Anis Mashdurohatun; Angga Nugraha Firmansyah; Muhammad Dias Saktiawan; King On Putra Jaya

doi:10.32332/milrev.v4i2.11334

Authors

Muhammad Azam Universitas Islam Sultan Agung, Semarang, Indonesia and Al-Iraqi University, Baghdad, Iraq
Anis Mashdurohatun Universitas Islam Sultan Agung Semarang Indonesia
Angga Nugraha Firmansyah Universitas Islam Sultan Agung Semarang, Indonesia
Muhammad Dias Saktiawan Universitas Islam Sultan Agung Semarang, Indonesia
King On Putra Jaya Universitas Islam Sultan Agung Semarang, Indonesia

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.32332/milrev.v4i2.11334

Keywords:

Comparative Study, Harmonization of Law, International Commercial Law, OIC Countries, Sharia.

Abstract

This study examines the harmonization of International Commercial Law (ICL) with Sharia-based national legal systems in five member states of the Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC): Pakistan, Turkey, Indonesia, Malaysia, and Saudi Arabia. These countries were deliberately selected for their diverse legal traditions, varying levels of economic development, and differing degrees of Sharia implementation within their domestic legal orders. Using a qualitative-comparative approach, the research draws on academic literature, national legal documents, and relevant international legal instruments to analyze the interaction between global commercial norms and Islamic legal principles. The analysis identifies thematic trends, methodological approaches, and significant findings from previous scholarship on the intersection of ICL and Sharia. The findings reveal divergent trajectories: Malaysia and Turkey have successfully integrated ICL provisions into their domestic frameworks through institutional reforms and adaptive jurisprudence. In contrast, Pakistan and Saudi Arabia face persistent conceptual and normative challenges, particularly in reconciling modern commercial practices with strict interpretations of Sharia. Indonesia represents a hybrid model, blending secular legal norms with religious values to produce a contextually balanced system. By mapping these comparative experiences, this study contributes to the discourse on legal pluralism and provides insights for policymakers and scholars seeking to develop context-sensitive models for integrating transnational commercial law into modern Islamic legal systems.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Abimanyu, Enditianto, and David Parlinggoman Sinaga. ‘UNCITRAL Model Law on International Commercial Arbitration and the Reform of the Arbitration Evidence Process in Indonesia’. Media Iuris 8, no. 2 (June 2025): 2. https://doi.org/10.20473/mi.v8i2.63627.

Adolf, Huala. ‘The Indonesian Trade Law of 2014: The Provision on the Annulment of International Trade Agreement’. Journal of International Commercial Law and Technology 10, no. 1 (2015): 33–36.

Alamsyah, M. Nur. ‘Bayang-Bayang World Trade Organization (WTO) Dalam Kebijakan Desentralisasi Indonesia’. Jurnal Bina Praja 4, no. 1 (2012): 1. https://doi.org/10.21787/jbp.04.2012.11-20.

Arif, Junaidi, Indah Parmitasari, and Nandang Sutrisno. ‘Incoterms: Reconstructing International Sales Contracts in Harmony with Sharia Economic Law’. Milkiyah: Jurnal Hukum Ekonomi Syariah 4, no. 1 (July 2025): 1. https://doi.org/10.46870/milkiyah.v4i1.1546.

Aslamiyah, Mujadiddah, Nabilah Falah, and Ibnu Paqih. ‘Analisis Perbandingan Hukum Perdata Internasional dan Hukum Islam Kontemporer Terhadap Transaksi Valuta Asing : A Comparative Study of International Civil Law and Contemporary Islamic Law’. Shautuna: Jurnal Ilmiah Mahasiswa Perbandingan Mazhab, 31 May 2025, 300–314. https://doi.org/10.24252/shautuna.v6i2.55817.

Asyiqin, Istianah Zainal. ‘Ethical Contracts vs. Commercial Realities in Indonesian Sharia Insurance’. Fiat Justisia: Jurnal Ilmu Hukum 18, no. 4 (2024): 4. https://doi.org/10.25041/fiatjustisia.v18no4.3635.

Barlinti, Yeni. ‘Harmonization of Islamic Law in National Legal System: A Comparative Study Between Indonesia Law and Malaysian Law’. Indonesia Law Review 1, no. 1 (April 2011). https://doi.org/10.15742/ilrev.v1n1.95.

Basyariah, Nuhbatul, Hadri Kusuma, and Ibnu Qizam. ‘Institutional Quality and Sukuk Development: A Study of Five OIC Countries’. Shirkah: Journal of Economics and Business 5, no. 3 (December 2020): 3. https://doi.org/10.22515/shirkah.v5i3.335.

Fauzi, Ahmad Fadli. ‘Peran Word Trade Organization (WTO) Dalam Perlindungan Lingkungan Di Era Liberalisasi Perdagangan’. CREPIDO 5, no. 1 (July 2023): 93–103. https://doi.org/10.14710/crepido.5.1.93-103.

Fila, Siti Zafilah Firdausiah. ‘Kajian Teoritik Terhadap Urgensi Asas Dalam Akad (Kontrak) Syariah’. Al-Muamalat: Jurnal Hukum Dan Ekonomi Syari’ah 5, no. 1 (September 2020): 48–67.

Fitriansyah, Helmi, and Siti Aisyah. ‘Prohibited Contracts and Sharia Economic Law Review of Counterfeit Goods Practices on E-Commerce Platforms’. Mabahits Al-Uqud 1, no. 2 (2024): 2. https://doi.org/10.15575/mau.v1i2.1004.

Hakim, Usmanul, Muhammad Faqih Nidzom, Fuad Mas’ud, Fajar Surya Ari Anggara, and Rakhmad Agung Hidayatullah. ‘Theory of Motivation in Business Management: An Elaboration of Western and Islamic Worldviews’. Economica: Jurnal Ekonomi Islam 13, no. 1 (July 2022): 1. https://doi.org/10.21580/economica.2022.13.1.13013.

Hanifah, Salma Nur, and Husni Kurniawati. ‘Liberalisasi Perdagangan Dan Etika Ekonomi Islam: Dampaknya Terhadap Krisis Perjanjian Organisasi Perdagangan Dunia Di Negara-Negara Anggota Organisasi Kerja Sama Islam’. Nomos : Jurnal Penelitian Ilmu Hukum 5, no. 2 (May 2025): 2. https://doi.org/10.56393/nomos.v5i2.3121.

Hapriyanto, Aditya Restu, and Putri Maha Dewi. ‘Law Enforcement in Resolving Trade Business Conflicts’. Indonesian Interdisciplinary Journal of Sharia Economics (IIJSE) 7, no. 1 (January 2024): 1. https://doi.org/10.31538/iijse.v7i1.4564.

Hascall, Susan C. ‘Islamic Commercial Law and Social Justice: Shari’ah Compliant Companies, Workers’ Rights, and the Living Wage’. SSRN Scholarly Paper No. 2308089. Rochester, NY: Social Science Research Network, 10 April 2012. https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=2308089.

Hassan, Mazin Abdulhameed Dawood, and Ahmad Azam Othman. ‘Rights of the Buyer under the Sale of Goods in Shari‘ah and International Trade Law: A Comparative Analysis’. Journal of Contemporary Islamic Law 9, no. 1 (June 2024): 1.

Helaluddin, and Hengki Wijaya. Analisis Data Kualitatif: Sebuah Tinjauan Teori & Praktik. Sekolah Tinggi Theologia Jaffray, 2019.

Ista, Akram, Ristiyanti Ahmadul Marunta, Andi Muh Taqiyuddin, Yakub Yakub, and Nurul Amalia Ista. ‘Riba, Gharar, Dan Maysir Dalam Sistem Ekonomi’. Jurnal Tana Mana 5, no. 3 (November 2024): 3. https://doi.org/10.33648/jtm.v5i3.708.

Khotimah, Umi Khusnul. ‘Sharia Economic Law Regulation In Indonesia And Malaysia: Implementation And Challenges’. SASI 30, no. 4 (December 2024): 402–415. https://doi.org/10.47268/sasi.v30i4.2312.

Lubis, Rahmat Husein, and Anez Yuniar Pradini. ‘Critical Review of Changes from Classical to Contemporary Contracts in Sharia Economic Transactions: Fiqh Perspective’. Syarah: Jurnal Hukum Islam Dan Ekonomi 13, no. 1 (June 2024): 93–109. https://doi.org/10.47766/syarah.v13i1.2938.

Mardiaton, Mardiaton, Mukhsin Nyak Umar, and Nevi Hasnita. ‘Tinjauan Hukum Islam Terhadap Asas Kebebasan Berkontrak Dalam Akad Murabahah (Analisis Kontrak Perjanjian Murabahah Pada PT. Bank Aceh Syariah Cabang Pembantu UIN Ar-Raniry Banda Aceh’. E-Mabis: Jurnal Ekonomi Manajemen Dan Bisnis 25, no. 2 (December 2024): 2. https://doi.org/10.29103/e-mabis.v25i2.1412.

Miles, Matthew B, and A. Michael Huberman. Analisis Data Kualitatif : Buku Sumber Tentang Metode-Metode Baru. Jakarta: Universitas Indonesia Press, 2014.

Mubarak, Syaugi, Faqih El Wafa, and Yusuf Asyahri. ‘Legal Harmonization of International Trade Contracts in the Framework of Islamic Transaction Law’. Syariah: Jurnal Hukum Dan Pemikiran 24, no. 2 (2024): 376–392. https://doi.org/10.18592/sjhp.v24i2.13977.

———. ‘Legal Harmonization of International Trade Contracts in the Framework of Islamic Transaction Law’. Syariah: Jurnal Hukum Dan Pemikiran 24, no. 2 (2024): 376–392. https://doi.org/10.18592/sjhp.v24i2.13977.

Musadad, Ahmad, Khoirun Nasik, Umi Indasyah Zahro, Mustaniroh, and Fajar. ‘Korelasi Hukum Dan Ekonomi Dalam Perspektif Hukum Ekonomi Syariah: Studi Konsepsi Dan Kontribusi’. Al-Huquq: Journal of Indonesian Islamic Economic Law 6, no. 2 (2024): 2. https://doi.org/10.19105/alhuquq.v6i2.11959.

Saifuddin, and Eva Wildani Febrianti. ‘Gharar Dalam Transaksi Online: Analisis Akad Jual Beli Pada Marketplace Digital’. Jurnal Teknologi Dan Manajemen Industri Terapan 4, no. 2 (May 2025): 2. https://doi.org/10.55826/jtmit.v4i2.602.

Shakar, Rana Saad, Mohammed Faroq Mahmood, Nibras Arif Abdulameer, Zahraa Mahdi Dahash, and Iskaliev Azat. ‘Balancing National Sovereignty: The Impact of Bilateral Investment Treaties on Contemporary Islamic Economic Law’. MILRev: Metro Islamic Law Review 4, no. 1 (April 2025): 1. https://doi.org/10.32332/milrev.v4i1.10265.

Sjaiful, Muhammad. ‘Karakteristik Asas Kebebasan Berkontrak Dalam Perjanjian Berbasis Syariah’. Perspektif Hukum, 3 May 2015, 68–84. https://doi.org/10.30649/ph.v15i1.28.

Sulhan, Muhammad, Heri Pratikto, Imam Mukhlis, Puji Handayati, and Muhammad Irfanul Hakim Zain. ‘Financial Behavior Dynamics of MSME Actors: A Contemporary Islamic Financial Management Study on Literacy, Attitude, Intention, Personality, and Legal Aspects’. MILRev: Metro Islamic Law Review 4, no. 1 (April 2025): 1. https://doi.org/10.32332/milrev.v4i1.10075.

Sunarto, Atika, Muhammad Ali Adnan, and Azizan Khair. ‘Application of the Principles of Islamic Civil Law in Small and Medium Business Partnerships’. Nurani: Jurnal Kajian Syari’ah Dan Masyarakat 25, no. 1 (January 2025): 1. https://doi.org/10.19109/nurani.v25i1.25378.

Sutrisno, Nandang. ‘Harmonisasi Hukum Perdagangan Internasional Trend Lex Mercatoria’. Unisia, no. 26 (1995): 26. https://doi.org/10.20885/unisia.v0i26.5450.

Vang-Phu, Tran, and Duong Anh Son. ‘The Concerns of Nation-State Sovereignty and International Commercial Law: A Path to Harmonisation’. Khazanah Hukum 6, no. 1 (April 2024): 1. https://doi.org/10.15575/kh.v6i1.33809.

Wahyuni, Sri. ‘Legal Transplant: Influence of the Western Legal System in the Muslim Countries’. Justicia Islamica 19, no. 1 (June 2022): 1. https://doi.org/10.21154/justicia.v19i1.2756.

Yuniardi, Harry, Muhamad Kholid, and Laras Shesa. ‘The Effectiveness of Sharia Economic Dispute Resolution in the Commercial Court Related to Sharia Bankruptcy after the Constitutional Court Decision No. 93/PUU-X/2012 Concerning Legal Certainty in the Settlement of Sharia Banking Cases’. Istinbath : Jurnal Hukum 21, no. 02 (December 2024): 02. https://doi.org/10.32332/istinbath.v21i02.10153.

Yunus, Mohamad Ismail Bin Mohamad. ‘The Conceptualization of Legal Harmonization Approach in Malaysia’. Fiat Justisia: Jurnal Ilmu Hukum 17, no. 1 (March 2023): 1. https://doi.org/10.25041/fiatjustisia.v17no1.2508.