Restitution as an Instrument of Justice for Victims of Domestic Sexual Violence: A Study of Positive and Islamic Law in the Contemporary Era

Hendro Widodo; Anis Mashdurohatun; Kristiawanto; Andrianto Budi Santoso; Derick Yunanda

doi:10.32332/milrev.v4i1.10436

Authors

Hendro Widodo Universitas Islam Sultan Agung, Semarang, Indonesia
Anis Mashdurohatun Universitas Islam Sultan Agung, Semarang, Indonesia
Kristiawanto Universitas Jayabaya, Indonesia
Andrianto Budi Santoso Kejaksaan Agung Republik Indonesia, Indonesia
Derick Yunanda Universitas Semarang, Semarang, Indonesia

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.32332/milrev.v4i1.10436

Keywords:

Domestic Sexual Violence, Restitution, Restorative Justice, Victim-Centered Justice.

Abstract

Domestic sexual violence is a hidden form of gender-based crime that often goes unreported due to prevailing social norms and its status as a complaint-based offense. These conditions create serious obstacles to law enforcement and hinder victims from obtaining justice, ideally including immediate restitution and comprehensive protection from the state. This study explores the effectiveness of restitution as a criminal sanction in cases of domestic sexual violence, analyzed through the perspective of justice values in both positive law and Islamic law in the contemporary context. The research employs a normative juridical method, using a statutory approach by examining relevant legal instruments and Islamic legal principles. The findings reveal that although restitution is formally recognized in various laws—such as the Domestic Violence Law, the Law on Witness and Victim Protection, the Law on Sexual Violence Crimes (TPKS), and the 2023 Criminal Code—its enforcement remains limited. This is due to structural and cultural challenges, including weak legal awareness, ineffective implementation mechanisms, and the perpetrators’ inability to fulfill restitution obligations. From the perspective of Islamic law, the concept of compensation (Taʿwid) supports the idea of restoring victims' rights, but its application requires reinterpretation to fit the modern legal system. This study offers a new perspective by emphasizing the need to move beyond fines toward mandatory restitution, integrating restorative justice principles and strengthening institutional and cultural support. These steps are crucial for building a justice system that is more responsive, fair, and centered on the recovery and dignity of victims.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Ahmad, Noercholis Rafid, and Nazaruddin. ‘Study Comparatif Penerapan Restorative Justice Dalam Fikih Jinayah Dan Hukum Pidana Nasional’. Jurnal Al-Ahkam: Jurnal Hukum Pidana Islam 4, no. 2 (30 September 2022): 97–107. https://doi.org/10.47435/al-ahkam.v4i2.1236.

Apriyani, Maria Novita. ‘Restitusi Sebagai Wujud Pemenuhan Hak Korban Tindak Pidana Kekerasan Seksual Di Indonesia’. Risalah Hukum, 4 June 2021, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.30872/risalah.v17i1.492.

Astritia, Melli. Interview with one of the victims of domestic violence, 2024.

Batu, David Mangaraja Lumban, Setiawan Noerdajasakti, and Faizin Sulistio. ‘Inconsistency In The Provision Of Restitution For Victims Of Sexual Violence Crimes In Light Of Judicial Decisions In Indonesia’. International Journal of Educational Review, Law And Social Sciences (IJERLAS) 5, no. 3 (2 May 2025): 797–803. https://doi.org/10.54443/ijerlas.v5i3.2816.

Dewi, Luh Putu Nitya. ‘Juridical Analysis of Criminal Acts of Non-Physical Sexual Violence in Law Number 12 of 2022 Concerning Criminal Acts of Sexual Violence’. Ratio Legis Journal 3, no. 1 (6 March 2024): 295–306. https://doi.org/10.30659/rlj.3.1.221-230.

Fauzi, Inna, Any Ismayawati, and Azka Hanani. ‘Seeking Harmony over Punishment: Restorative Justice Approaches to Domestic Violence in Islamic and Indonesian Legal Frameworks’. Al-Mazaahib: Jurnal Perbandingan Hukum 11, no. 2 (26 November 2023): 183–204. https://doi.org/10.14421/al-mazaahib.v11i2.3192.

Hamdi, Syaibatul, M. Ikhwan, and Iskandar. ‘Tinjauan Hukum Islam Terhadap Implementasi Restorative Justice Dalam Sistem Peradilan Pidana Anak Di Indonesia’. MAQASIDI: Jurnal Syariah Dan Hukum, 30 June 2021, 74–85. https://doi.org/10.47498/maqasidi.v1i1.603.

Hikmah, Putri Silvah Al, Dinda Fajarohma, and Hana Sabilillah. ‘Perlindungan Bagi Korban Pelecehan Seksual Dengan Pendekatan Keadilan Restoratif (Restorative Justice)’. Hakim: Jurnal Ilmu Hukum Dan Sosial 1, no. 3 (6 July 2023): 204–224. https://doi.org/10.51903/hakim.v1i3.1248.

Indah, Christina Maya, and Sri Harini Dwiyatmi. ‘Advancing Access to Justice for Female Victims of Sexual Violence Through Restitution’. Jurnal Hukum 40, no. 1 (1 September 2024): 171–186. https://doi.org/10.26532/jh.v40i1.37794.

Irawan, Joshua, Mariana Mugiono, Vanessa Ileana Angjaya, and Dewi Shinta Permatasari. ‘Restorative Justice In Adult Women Victims Of Electronic-Based Sexual Violence’. Journal of Law and Policy Transformation 9, no. 1 (9 July 2024): 69–82. https://doi.org/10.37253/jlpt.v9i1.9146.

Khadafi, Faisal. Perlindungan dan Kedudukan Korban Dalam Tindak Kekerasan Dalam Rumah Tangga Menurut Undang-undang Nomor 23 Tahun 2004 Tentang Penghapusan Kekerasan Dalam Rumah Tangga di Indonesia, Jurnal Pembaharuan Hukum, Volume II No. 2 Mei - Agustus 2015, page.391-399 http://dx.doi.org/10.26532/jph.v3i3

Kamalludin, Iqbal, Bunga Desyana Pratami, Syarifa Khasna, Alamul Yaqin, and Achmad Jauhari Umar. ‘Revitalizing Justice in Fiqh: Revisiting Non-Retroactive Principles to Address Sexual Violence’. Ulul Albab: Jurnal Studi Dan Penelitian Hukum Islam 7, no. 2 (3 May 2024): 136–150. https://doi.org/10.30659/jua.v7i2.31028.

Krismawati, Selviana, Salsabila Yumna Pratiwi, Nucharee Nuchkoom Smith, and Robert Brian Smith. ‘Advocacy and Protection for Victims of Sexual Violence against Children: Insight from Indonesia’s Experience’. Indonesian Journal of Advocacy and Legal Services 5, no. 2 (30 September 2023): 207–240. https://doi.org/10.15294/ijals.v5i2.65820.

Laksana, Andri Winjaya, Adhi Budi Susilo, Peni Rinda Listyawati, Setiawan Widiyoko, and Toni Triyanto. ‘Legal Uncertainty in Law Enforcement for Drug Addicts Resulting in Criminal Disparity’. Yuridika 40, no. 2 (27 May 2025): 253–270. https://doi.org/10.20473/ydk.v40i2.68153.

Laksana, Andri Winjaya, Ida Musofiana, Achmad Sulchan, Ahmed Kheir Osman and Tajudeen Sanni, The Disparities in Punishment for Narcotic Addiction: Does it Reflect the Value of Justice?, Jurnal Media Hukum, Vol. 32, No. 1, June 2025: 134-150, https://dx.doi.org/10.18196/jmh.v32i1.25678

Madyana, Rida, and Safik Faozi. ‘Pemulihan Korban Melalui Restitusi Bagi Korban Kekerasan Seksual (Studi Putusan Nomor : 989,PID.SUS/2021/PN BDG)’. UNES Law Review 6, no. 1 (3 September 2023): 426–439. https://doi.org/10.31933/unesrev.v6i1.863.

Maulidar, Mira. ‘Korelasi Filosofis Antara Restorative Justice Dan Diyat Dalam Sistem Hukum Pidana Islam’. At-Tasyri’: Jurnal Ilmiah Prodi Muamalah 13, no. 2 (2021): 143–155. https://doi.org/10.47498/tasyri.v13i2.856.

Miles, Matthew B, and A. Michael Huberman. Analisis Data Kualitatif : Buku Sumber Tentang Metode-Metode Baru. Jakarta: Universitas Indonesia Press, 2014.

Mustika, Vina, and Iwan. ‘Restitusi Terhadap Korban Kekerasan Seksual Di LPSK Medan; Analisis Hukum Pidana Dan Hukum Pidana Islam’. Legalite : Jurnal Perundang Undangan Dan Hukum Pidana Islam 9, no. 2 (15 August 2024): 117–131. https://doi.org/10.32505/legalite.v9i2.9224.

Rabiatunnisa, Syarifah. ‘Kebijakan Restitusi: Bentuk Perlindungan Hukum Atau Diskriminasi Terhadap Kasus Kekerasan Seksual (Studi Kasus Qanun Aceh Nomor 6 Tahun 2014 Tentang Hukum Jinayat Di Kota Banda Aceh)’. Jurnal Ilmiah Mahasiswa Fakultas Ilmu Sosial & Ilmu Politik 7, no. 3 (20 October 2022). https://jim.usk.ac.id/FISIP/article/view/20886.

Rahmatillah, Syarifah. ‘Rekontruksi Pemenuhan Restitusi Melalui Qanun Jinayat di Aceh Bagi Korban Perkosaan’. Serambi Tarbawi 10, no. 2 (30 July 2022): 139–152. https://doi.org/10.32672/tarbawi.v10i2.4757.

———. ‘Rekontruksi Pemenuhan Restitusi Melalui Qanun Jinayat di Aceh Bagi Korban Perkosaan’. Serambi Tarbawi 10, no. 2 (30 July 2022): 139–152. https://doi.org/10.32672/tarbawi.v10i2.4757.

Rahmawati, Dwi. ‘Fulfillment Of The Rights Of Domestic Violence Victims Through Restorative Justice Policy’. Jurnal Ilmiah Advokasi 13, no. 1 (1 March 2025): 1–15. https://doi.org/10.36987/jiad.v13i1.6975.

Ramadhanti, Shinta Nur, Alifia Nurensa, and Syahror Adjani Rianto. ‘Konsep Restorative Justice Dalam Perbandingan Hukum Pidana Di Indonesia Dengan Hukum Islam’. PESHUM : Jurnal Pendidikan, Sosial Dan Humaniora 1, no. 4 (1 June 2022): 417–423. https://doi.org/10.56799/peshum.v1i4.533.

———. ‘Konsep Restorative Justice Dalam Perbandingan Hukum Pidana Di Indonesia Dengan Hukum Islam’. PESHUM : Jurnal Pendidikan, Sosial Dan Humaniora 1, no. 4 (1 June 2022): 417–423. https://doi.org/10.56799/peshum.v1i4.533.

Ramiyanto. ‘Penanganan Perkara Kekerasan Dalam Rumah Tangga Melalui Konsep Restorative Justice (Domestic Violence Solving Through Restorative Justice)’. Jurnal Legislasi Indonesia 12, no. 2 (30 November 2018). https://doi.org/10.54629/jli.v12i2.404.

S, Gabriella Sandra, and Noenik Soekorini. ‘Analysis of Legal Protection of Sexual Violence Against Domestic Workers’. Jurnal Hukum Sehasen 9, no. 2 (23 October 2023): 393–402. https://doi.org/10.37676/jhs.v9i2.5017.

Sahlepi, Muhammad Arif, and Cut Nurita. ‘The Comparative Law On The Crime Of Sexual Violence Between Indonesia And The United Kingdom’. Jurnal Pembaharuan Hukum 10, no. 3 (24 December 2023): 481–493. https://doi.org/10.26532/jph.v10i3.35287.

Salsabilla, Salwa, Imran Bukhari Razif, and Ulil Albab. ‘Legal Protection Against Sexual Violence on Women: A Study on Legislation’. SIGn Jurnal Hukum 5, no. 2 (20 October 2023): 249–262. https://doi.org/10.37276/sjh.v5i2.288.

Shaqila, Faza, Marlina, and Rafiqoh Lubis. ‘Hak Restitusi Terhadap Anak Korban Tindak Pidana Dan Implementasinya Dalam Putusan Hakim’. Neoclassical Legal Review: Journal of Law and Contemporary Issues 2, no. 2 (25 November 2023): 63–70. https://doi.org/10.32734/nlr.v2i2.11520.

Sibero, Sari Maharani Tarigan, Hedwig Adianto Mau, and Tubagus Achmad Darodjat. ‘Application of Restorative Justice in Criminal Offences of Domestic Violence Domestic Violence in Indonesia’. LAW & PASS: International Journal of Law, Public Administration and Social Studies 1, no. 5 (31 December 2024): 576–583. https://doi.org/10.47353/lawpass.v1i5.55.

Siregar, Wahidah Zein Br. ‘Causes and Impacts of Domestic Violence against Women: Cases in Indonesia’. Jurnal Sosiologi Dialektika 19, no. 1 (11 June 2024): 77–88. https://doi.org/10.20473/jsd.v19i1.2024.77-88.

Sodiqin, Ali. ‘Legal, Moral, and Spiritual Dialectics in the Islamic Restorative Justice System’. AHKAM : Jurnal Ilmu Syariah 21, no. 2 (30 December 2021). https://journal.uinjkt.ac.id/index.php/ahkam/article/view/22675.

Sucipto, Hadi, Falih Suaedi, Erna Setijaningrum, Mia Amiati, and Rachmat Suhaimi Nasution. ‘Transformation of Public Trust in Restorative Justice by the Prosecutor’s Office: An Islamic and Social Law Approach in the Contemporary Era’. MILRev: Metro Islamic Law Review 3, no. 2 (30 December 2024): 364–387. https://doi.org/10.32332/milrev.v3i2.9938.

Suwito, Suwito, Mujito Mujito, Didit Darmawan, Inama Inama, and Nailil Izzati Saadi. ‘Restorative Justice: An Alternative Approach to Addressing Domestic Violence in Indonesia’. Innovative: Journal Of Social Science Research 5, no. 1 (6 February 2025): 5066–5077. https://doi.org/10.31004/innovative.v5i1.18045.

Wahyuni, Resti Rienita, and Beni Ahmad Saebani. ‘Pendekatan Sosiologi Hukum Islam Terhadap Perlindungan Hukum Korban Tindak Pidana Kekerasan Seksual’. Causa: Jurnal Hukum Dan Kewarganegaraan 9, no. 8 (20 December 2024): 61–70. https://doi.org/10.3783/causa.v9i8.8774.

Wahyuni, Weini. ‘Jarimah Pemerkosaan Dalam Qanun Jinayat Aceh Perspektif Feminist Legal Theory’. Jurnal Hukum 38, no. 1 (29 May 2022): 43–60. https://doi.org/10.26532/jh.v38i1.17458.

Wicaksono, Hendi Ismoyo. ‘Legal Protection for Children as Victims of Criminal Sexual Violence’. Ratio Legis Journal 3, no. 1 (2 April 2024): 1009–1018. https://doi.org/10.30659/rlj.3.1.%p.

Yuningsih, Henny, and Munawir Munawir. ‘Efektivitas Restitusi Dalam Perlindungan Korban Kekerasan Seksual Di Indonesia: Analisis Yuridis Dan Implementasi Praktis’. Ranah Research : Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Development 7, no. 2 (2025): 1121–1130. https://doi.org/10.38035/rrj.v7i2.1277.