Legal Protection for Child Victims of School Bullying: Unraveling Multidimensional Barriers in the Implementation of Child Protection

Authors

  • Farhan Julian Rivaldi Akbar Department of Law, Sunan Giri University, Surabaya, Indonesia

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.32332/istinbath.v23i01.14262

Keywords:

Legal Protection, Bullying, Multidimensional Barriers, School, Best Interest of the Child

Abstract

Bullying in school constitutes a severe form of violence against children, with effects extending beyond physical harm to long-term psychological and social development. Although Indonesia has established a comprehensive legal framework, including Law No. 35 of 2014 on Child Protection and Minister of Education and Culture Regulation No. 82 of 2015, bullying cases continue to rise, and their handling remains suboptimal. This study critically identified and analyzed the multidimensional barriers that undermine the effectiveness of legal protection for child victims of bullying in schools. Employing a normative juridical method with statutory, conceptual, and case approaches, this research examines primary and secondary legal materials through descriptive-analytical analysis. The findings revealed four interrelated clusters of barriers: (1) human resource and institutional constraints, including the lack of professional counselors and support facilities; (2) sociocultural barriers, characterized by the normalization of bullying and a permissive culture that discourages reporting; (3) law enforcement challenges, reflected in slow, bureaucratic, and child-unfriendly legal processes; and (4) regulatory obstacles, marked by weak oversight and unsustainable policy evaluation. This study argues that the effectiveness of child legal protection depends not merely on the availability of regulations but also on institutional capacity, collective awareness, and the genuine commitment of all stakeholders to implement the best interest of the child principle. This article offers policy recommendations, including school capacity building, cross-sectoral coordination, and reforming law enforcement procedures to be more adaptive and victim-centered.

[Perundungan (bullying) di lingkungan sekolah merupakan salah satu bentuk kekerasan terhadap anak yang dampaknya tidak hanya mengancam keselamatan fisik, tetapi juga perkembangan psikologis dan sosial korban dalam jangka panjang. Meskipun Indonesia telah memiliki kerangka hukum yang komprehensif, termasuk Undang-Undang Nomor 35 Tahun 2014 tentang Perlindungan Anak dan Peraturan Menteri Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan Nomor 82 Tahun 2015, angka perundungan terus meningkat dan penanganan terhadap kasus-kasus tersebut masih jauh dari optimal. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi dan menganalisis secara kritis hambatan multidimensional yang menyebabkan ketidakefektifan perlindungan hukum bagi anak korban perundungan di sekolah. Dengan menggunakan metode yuridis normatif yang didukung oleh pendekatan perundang-undangan, konseptual, dan kasus, penelitian ini mengkaji bahan hukum primer dan sekunder melalui analisis deskriptif-analitis. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan adanya empat klaster hambatan utama yang saling berkaitan, yaitu: (1) hambatan sumber daya manusia dan kelembagaan, yang mencakup keterbatasan tenaga profesional dan fasilitas konseling di sekolah; (2) hambatan sosiokultural, yang ditandai dengan normalisasi perundungan dan budaya permisif yang menghambat pelaporan kasus; (3) hambatan penegakan hukum, yang tercermin dalam proses hukum yang lamban, birokratis, dan belum sepenuhnya ramah anak; serta (4) hambatan regulatif, yang ditandai oleh lemahnya pengawasan dan kurangnya evaluasi kebijakan secara berkelanjutan. Keempat klaster hambatan tersebut saling berinteraksi sehingga menghambat implementasi perlindungan hukum secara efektif sekaligus membatasi akses anak terhadap keadilan dan mekanisme pemulihan. Penelitian ini berargumen bahwa efektivitas perlindungan hukum bagi anak tidak semata-mata bergantung pada keberadaan peraturan perundang-undangan, tetapi juga pada kapasitas kelembagaan, kesadaran kolektif, serta komitmen seluruh pemangku kepentingan untuk secara sungguh-sungguh menjunjung tinggi prinsip kepentingan terbaik bagi anak].

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Published

2026-07-15

How to Cite

Legal Protection for Child Victims of School Bullying: Unraveling Multidimensional Barriers in the Implementation of Child Protection. (2026). Istinbath: Jurnal Hukum, 23(01), 211-242. https://doi.org/10.32332/istinbath.v23i01.14262