From Classical Fiqh to Legal Codification: The Legal Transformation of Child Custody Age Limits in Indonesia and Egypt
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.32332/istinbath.v23i01.13331Keywords:
Ḥaḍānah, Age Limit of Custody, Islamic Jurisprudence, Islamic Family Law, Legal CodificationAbstract
Determining the age limit for child custody (ḥaḍānah) remains a significant issue in Islamic family law because of the divergent juristic interpretations of the termination of maternal custody and the transfer of custodial rights. This study critically examines the determination of child custody age limits within Islamic legal theory by comparing codification in the legal systems of Indonesia and Egypt. It employs a normative-comparative approach to analyze the transformation of classical fiqh principles into positive law and its implications for legal certainty and child protection. ḥaḍānah. This research adopts a normative legal method using statutory and comparative law approaches. The findings reveal that Islamic jurisprudence does not prescribe a universal age limit for child custody, but instead accommodates diverse juristic opinions based on different schools of legal reasoning. Indonesian law grants maternal custody until the child reaches the age of 12 years, whereas Egyptian law generally extends maternal custody until the age of 15 years, after which the child may choose the custodial parent. Despite these differences in legal formulation and approach, both countries codify child custody age limits to promote legal certainty and safeguard the best interests of children. The study concludes that the modern codification of ḥaḍānah reflects a dynamic adaptation of classical fiqh, balancing doctrinal diversity, contemporary social needs, and the effective protection of children's rights.
[Penetapan batas usia hak asuh anak (ḥaḍānah) merupakan isu penting dalam fikih keluarga Islam karena perbedaan penafsiran para ulama mengenai berakhirnya hak pengasuhan ibu dan peralihan hak asuh anak. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis secara kritis penetapan batas usia hak asuh anak berdasarkan teori hukum Islam dengan membandingkan proses kodifikasi dalam sistem hukum Indonesia dan Mesir, melalui analisis normatif-komparatif mengenai transformasi prinsip-prinsip fikih klasik ke dalam hukum positif serta implikasinya terhadap kepastian hukum serta perlindungan anak. Penelitian menggunakan metode hukum normatif dengan pendekatan perundang-undangan dan perbandingan hukum. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa fikih Islam tidak menetapkan satu batas usia hak asuh anak yang berlaku universal, melainkan memberikan ruang bagi perbedaan ijtihad berdasarkan metodologi mazhab. Dalam hukum Indonesia, batas usia hak asuh anak sampai anak berusia 12 tahun, sedangkan Mesir pada umumnya menetapkan hak asuh ibu hingga anak berusia 15 tahun sebelum anak diberikan hak untuk memilih pengasuhnya. Meskipun memiliki perbedaan dalam formulasi dan pendekatan hukumnya, kedua negara sama-sama mengkodifikasikan batas usia tersebut untuk mewujudkan kepastian hukum dan melindungi kepentingan terbaik bagi anak. Temuan ini menunjukkan bahwa kodifikasi modern atas hak asuh anak (ḥaḍānah) merupakan bentuk adaptasi dinamis terhadap prinsip-prinsip fikih klasik yang memungkinkan tercapainya keseimbangan antara keberagaman doktrin hukum Islam, kebutuhan sosial kontemporer, dan efektivitas perlindungan hak-hak anak].
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