Resurrecting Abandoned Marks: A Comparative Analysis of Zombie Trademark Regulation and Goodwill Protection in Indonesia and the United States

Authors

  • Ayu Mustika Pamungkas Faculty of Law, Universitas Brawijaya Malang, Indonesia
  • Adelia Rachmaniar Law School, Tilburg University, Netherland

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.32332/istinbath.v23i01.13323

Keywords:

Zombie Trademarks, Trademark Law, First-to-File, First-to-Use, Goodwill

Abstract

Zombie trademarks, namely dormant trademarks revived by parties unrelated to the original owner, raise legal concerns regarding residual goodwill, consumer confusion, and the re-registration of abandoned marks. This study examines Indonesia’s trademark regime in addressing zombie trademark practices through a comparative analysis with the United States trademark law under the Lanham Act. Using a normative juridical method with statutory, conceptual, and comparative approaches, this study finds that Indonesia’s first-to-file system creates vulnerabilities that allow third parties to re-register dormant trademarks despite the continued existence of goodwill and consumer associations. These weaknesses are reinforced by the absence of explicit regulations on abandonment, goodwill protection, dilution, and preventive examination mechanisms. In contrast, the United States adopts a more substantive approach through the doctrines of abandonment, goodwill, likelihood of confusion, and dilution. This study recommends strengthening Indonesia’s trademark framework through the incorporation of abandonment standards, recognition of goodwill, broader application of the likelihood of confusion, and ex officio authority for the Directorate General of Intellectual Property to reject bad-faith trademark applications.

[Zombie trademarks, yaitu merek dorman yang dihidupkan kembali oleh pihak yang tidak memiliki hubungan dengan pemilik sebelumnya, menimbulkan permasalahan hukum terkait goodwill, kebingungan konsumen, dan pendaftaran kembali merek yang telah ditinggalkan. Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis kemampuan rezim hukum merek Indonesia dalam menghadapi praktik zombie trademarks melalui perbandingan dengan hukum merek Amerika Serikat berdasarkan Lanham Act. Penelitian menggunakan metode yuridis normatif dengan pendekatan perundang-undangan, konseptual, dan perbandingan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa sistem first-to-file di Indonesia menciptakan kerentanan yang memungkinkan pihak ketiga mendaftarkan kembali merek dorman meskipun goodwill dan asosiasi konsumen terhadap merek tersebut masih ada. Kerentanan ini diperkuat oleh tidak adanya pengaturan eksplisit mengenai abandonment, perlindungan goodwill, dilution, dan mekanisme pemeriksaan preventif. Sebaliknya, Amerika Serikat menerapkan pendekatan yang lebih substantif melalui doktrin abandonment, goodwill, likelihood of confusion, dan dilution. Oleh karena itu, diperlukan penguatan rezim hukum merek Indonesia melalui pengaturan abandonment, pengakuan goodwill, perluasan penerapan likelihood of confusion, serta kewenangan ex officio bagi DJKI untuk menolak permohonan merek yang diajukan dengan itikad tidak baik].

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Published

2026-06-30

How to Cite

Resurrecting Abandoned Marks: A Comparative Analysis of Zombie Trademark Regulation and Goodwill Protection in Indonesia and the United States. (2026). Istinbath: Jurnal Hukum, 23(01), 99-132. https://doi.org/10.32332/istinbath.v23i01.13323