Reconstructing Constitutional Interpretation Beyond Textualism: Balancing Justice, Legal Certainty, and Utility in Contemporary Legal Systems
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.32332/istinbath.v23i01.12855Keywords:
Judicial Activism, Judicial Restraint, Legal Ambiguity, Legal Certainty, Legal InterpretationAbstract
This study aims to establish a nexus between three important components of legal philosophy: justice, legal certainty and utility in legal interpretation. Legal interpretation occupies an important place in advancing justice and legal certainty, especially in this era when social changes have influence on the application of law. In legal interpretation, the problem of ambiguity of language and the gaps between the intent of drafters of laws and the evolving societal changes pose a significant question on how this can be addressed to provide justice. To uphold justice, legal certainty through interpretation is imperative. In this study, we adopt a normative research method through a conceptual approach with a view to analysing direct, golden and mischief rules required in interpreting legal texts, situating them to constitutional interpretation and establishing how they are beneficial to justice. The study examines constitutions, statutory texts and other legal materials to support our arguments, with cases from Indonesia’s Constitutional Court. This study finds that the positions of judges on judicial activism and restraints should focus on clarity rather than complicating the law. Therefore, the nexus between legal certainty and interpretation suggests that laws and, in particular, judgements must be foreseeable. That is, laws must meet standards of clarity, consistency, and intelligibility so that individuals involved can reasonably predict the legal repercussions of their conduct.
[Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi hubungan antara tiga komponen penting dalam filsafat hukum: keadilan, kepastian hukum, dan kemanfaatan dalam penafsiran hukum. Penafsiran hukum memegang peranan penting dalam mewujudkan keadilan dan kepastian hukum, terutama di era saat ini, ketika perubahan sosial memengaruhi penerapan hukum. Dalam penafsiran hukum, masalah ambiguitas bahasa serta kesenjangan antara maksud pembuat undang-undang dan perubahan sosial yang terus berkembang menimbulkan pertanyaan mendasar mengenai bagaimana hal ini dapat diatasi untuk mewujudkan keadilan. Untuk menegakkan keadilan, kepastian hukum melalui penafsiran menjadi hal yang mutlak. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian hukum normatif dengan pendekatan konseptual untuk mengkaji penerapan kaidah penafsiran harfiah (literal rule), kaidah emas (golden rule), dan kaidah mischief (mischief rule) dalam penafsiran teks-teks hukum, menempatkannya dalam konteks penafsiran konstitusional, serta menetapkan bagaimana hal tersebut bermanfaat bagi keadilan. Studi ini mengkaji konstitusi, teks undang-undang, dan bahan hukum lainnya untuk mendukung argumen kami, dengan contoh kasus dari Mahkamah Konstitusi Indonesia. Penelitian ini menemukan bahwa posisi hakim terkait aktivisme yudisial dan pembatasan harus berfokus pada kejelasan, bukan pada pemrumitan hukum. Oleh karena itu, hubungan antara kepastian hukum dan penafsiran menunjukkan bahwa undang-undang, khususnya putusan, harus dapat diprediksi. Artinya, undang-undang harus memenuhi standar kepastian, konsistensi, dan keterbacaan, sehingga individu yang terlibat dapat secara wajar memprediksi konsekuensi hukum dari tindakan mereka].
References
Aalto-Heinilä, Maija. “Fairness in statutory interpretation: Text, purpose or intention?” International Journal of Legal Discourse 1, no. 1 (2016): 193–211. https://doi.org/10.1515/ijld-2016-0004
Apaut, Yosep Copertino and Egiony Saunoah. “The Role of Legal Philosophy in Building a Fair and Just Legal System (Examining the Legal System in Lawrence M. Fiedman's theory)” JURNAL RESTORASI: Hukum dan Politik 3, no.2 (2025): 176–187.
Arena, Federico José. “Which Kind of Discretion in Constitutional Adjudication? A Discussion of Mher Arshakyan’s The Impact of Legal Systems on Constitutional Interpretation: A Comparative Analysis: The U.S. Supreme Court and the German Federal Constitutional Court.” German Law Journal 14, no. 8 (2013): 1337–1344. https://doi.org/10.1017/s2071832200002285
Ariyanti, Vivi. “The Role of Judges in Guaranteeing Legal Certainty and Justice: An Analysis to the Application of Judicial Independence Principle in Criminal Cases in Indonesia.” International Conference of Moslem Society 3 (2019): 201–209. https://doi.org/10.24090/icms.2019.2574
Faiz Bakhsh et al, “Judicial Activism vs. Judicial Restraint in Developing Democracies: A Comparative Study” Social Science Review Archives 3, no. 3 (2025): 2319–2329.. https://doi.org/10.70670/sra.v3i2.1079
Baker, Emily. “Judicial Activism versus Judicial Restraint: Safeguarding Democratic Principles in Contemporary Constitutional Systems” Law, Governance & Social Justice 1, no.1 (2026): 1–5.
Butt, Simon and Prayekti Murharjanti. “What constitutes compliance? Legislative responses to Constitutional Court decisions in Indonesia” International Journal of Constitutional Law 20, no. 1 (2022): 428–453, https://doi.org/10.1093/icon/moac014
Cammack, Mark. “Legal Certainty in the Indonesian Constitutional Court: A Critique and Friendly Suggestion” in Melissa Crouch (ed) Constitutional Democracy in Indonesia (Oxford University Press, 2023), 275, https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192870681.003.0014
Darajati, M., and Syafei, M. “Legal System Development in the 21st-Century Era.” European Alliance for Innovation (2021). https://doi.org/10.4108/eai.10-11-2020.2303433
Dixon, Rosalind and David Landau. Comparative Constitutional law in Latin America (Edward Elgar Publishing, 2021).
Dworkin, R. Law’s Empire.(Oxford University Press, London, 1986).
Ediwarman. “Creating Legal Certainty and Justice in Avoiding Legal Paradox in Criminal Law Enforcement in Indonesia.” International Journal of Humanities and Social Science 15, no. 12 (2015): 137–147.
Greenberg, Mark. “Legal Interpretation” In E. N. Zalta (Ed.) The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (2021).
Hadisaroso, I Nyoman Mulya et al., “ Constitutional Court Decision’s Implication on the Traditional Forest Management Rights Recognition” in A. K. Jaelani et al. (eds.), Proceedings of the International Conference on Law, Economic & Good Governance (2023): 501–505.
Noor ‘Ashikin binti Hamid and Rusniah Ahmad, “Judicial Interpretation: A Conceptual Analysis” in Proceedings of International Conference on Public Policy and Social Science (2012): 705–719.
Hartanto, J. A. “The Philosophy of Legal Reason in Indonesian Law.” Beijing Law Review 11 no. 1 (2020): 119–127. https://doi.org/10.4236/blr.2020.111008
Hazmi, Raju Moh, Jahar, A. S., & Adhha, N. “Construction of Justice, Certainty, and Legal Use in the Decision of the Supreme Court Number 46 P/HUM/2018.” Jurnal Cita Hukum 9, 1 (2021): 159–178. https://doi.org/10.15408/jch.v9i1.11583
Ichsanullah, Ichsanullah & Faisal Santiago. “Aspects of Legal Certainty, Justice and Usability in the Decisions of Judges in Civil Courts.” in Proceedings of the First Multidiscipline International Conference (Jakarta, 2021). https://doi.org/10.4108/eai.30-10-2021.2315815
Jakab, András. “Judicial Reasoning in the Constitutional Courts: A European Perspective.” German Law Journal 14, no. 8 (2013): 1215–75. https://doi.org/10.1017/S207183220000225X
Julio, Christopher Elia and Irwan Triadi. “Analisis Filsafat Hukum terhadap Asas Keadilan dalam Putusan Hakim di Indonesia” Socius: Jurnal Penelitian Ilmu-Ilmu Sosial 3, no.4 (2025): 167–177.
Kandia, I Wayan and I Wayan Wiryawan. “Law as an Instrument of Social Transformation: A Theoretical and Empirical Study of the Role of Law in Driving Contemporary Societal Change” International Journal of Education and Social Science Studies 1, no. 2 (2025): 103–111. https://doi.org/10.60153/ijesss.v1i2.201
Karman et al. “Studi Tentang Konfrontasi Antara Gagasan Keadilan Dan Kepastian Hukum Dalam Filsafat Hukum” IURIS STUDIA: Jurnal Kajian Hukum 6, no. 3 (2025): 751–760.
Kurniawan, Itok Dwi and Souad Ezzerouali. “Revisiting the Principle of Legal Certainty: A Contemporary Analysis through the Lens of Legal Positivism” Nusantara: Journal of Law Studies 3, no. 2 (2024): 137–46. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17385496
Lampoltshammer, Thomas J. et al. “Open Justice in Europe through Open Access to Legal Information” in C. E. Jiménez-Gómez & M. Gascó-Hernández (Eds.) Achieving Open Justice through Citizen Participation and Transparency (2017): 173–190. https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-0717-8.ch009
Ojha, Aniket. “Critical Analysis of Golden Rule of Interpretation” Jus Corpus Law Journal 1 no. 1 (2020): 171–176.
Pakpahan, Zainal Abidin. “Justice and Legal Certainty as A Manifestation in the Context of Constitutional law” Jurnal Ilmiah Advokasi 13, no.1 (2025): 280 – 291. https://doi.org/10.36987/jiad.v13i1.7179
Paunio, Elina. “Beyond Predictability – Reflections on Legal Certainty and the Discourse Theory of Law in the EU Legal Order.” German Law Journal, 10(11) (2009): 1469–1493. https://doi.org/10.1017/S2071832200018332
Piszko, Robert. “Legitimization and Validity of Directives on Legal Interpretation on the Example of the Rule of Law Crisis in Poland” International Journal for the Semiotics of Law 35 no. 2 (2022): 565–581. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11196-020-09787-6
Ribeiro, Gonçalo de Almeida. “What is constitutional interpretation” International Journal of Constitutional Law 20 no. 3 (2022): 1130–1161. https://doi.org/10.1093/icon/moac096
Rizky, Muchammad Catur. et al., “Constitutional Law Adaptation in Response to Globalization and Urbanization in Contemporary Societies” Journal of Social Science Studies 2, no. 1 (2022): 195.
Sales, Lord Philip. “Certainty and flexibility in law” Judicial Review 30, no. 1 (2025): 7–18. https://doi.org/10.1080/10854681.2025.2467592
Solan, Lawrence M. “Precedent in Statutory Interpretation” North Carolina Law Review 94 no. 4 (2016): 1164–1234.
Ssensikombi, A. “Rules Followed in Constitutional Interpretation: A Case of Uganda.” (February 2017).
Stack, Kevin M. “The Divergence of Constitutional and Statutory Interpretation The Divergence of Constitutional and Statutory Interpretation Recommended Citation Recommended Citation” University of Colorodo Law Review 75, no. 1 (2004): 1–58.
Staden, Marius van. “The role of the judiciary in balancing flexibility and security” De Jure Law Journal 46, no. 2 (2013): 470–485.
Suratno, Ujang. “Constitutional Law and Social Change: A Global Perspective” Journal of Law & Social Politics 3, no. 2 (2025): 111–22.
Tampubolon, Manotar. “Decoding Legal Ambiguity: the Interplay between Law and Legal Semiotics in Modern Jurisprudence” International Journal for the Semiotics of Law - Revue internationale de Sémiotique Juridique 39, no. 5 (2025): 1437–65. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11196-025-10271-2
Verma, Shreya. “‘Mischief’ Rule of Interpretation: Beginning of New Jurisprudence.” International Journal of Integrated Law Review 1 no. 1 (2020): 134–139.
Watanabe, Tomie. “Interpretation at the Tokyo War Crimes Tribunal: An overview and Tojo’s cross-examination” TTR: Traduction, Terminologie et Redaction. Canadian Association for Translation Studies (2010): 57–91. https://doi.org/10.7202/044782ar
Wibowo, Mardian. “Justices’ Freedom of Constitutional Interpretation method in the Indonesian Constitutional Court” Mimbar Hukum 25, no. 2 (2013): 284–299. https://doi.org/10.22146/jmh.16085
Widiartana, Gregorius and Sajjad Hussain. “Judicial Pardon in Contemporary Criminal Verdicts: Balancing Justice, Legal Certainty, and the Utility of Law” Nusantara: Journal of Law Studies 4, no. 1 (2025): 1–11. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17346796
Zeifert, Mateusz and Zygmunt Tobor. “Legal Translation Versus Legal Interpretation. A Legal-Theoretical Perspective” International Journal for the Semiotics of Law 35, no. 5 (2022): 1671–1687. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11196-021-09837-7
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Ousu Mendy, Muwaffiq Jufri

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.








