Contemporary Islamic Law in Indonesia: The Fulfillment of Child Custody Rights in Divorce Cases Caused by Early Marriage
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.32332/milrev.v3i1.8907Keywords:
Child Custody, Early Marriage, Divorce, Contemporary Islamic Law.Abstract
This study aims to analyze the fulfillment of child custody rights in divorce cases due to early marriage using a contemporary Islamic law approach. A marriage license in Indonesia is only allowed to be granted to a man and woman from age 19 and above. The aim is to prevent early marriages which are very vulnerable to divorce due to the psychological immaturity of the couple. For example, Kotagajah Timur was observed to have a common case of divorce among underage people that married due to pregnancy outside of marriage. Therefore, this descriptive-analytical field study was conducted based on a phenomenological method. Moreover, data were collected using observation, interviews, and documentation. The results showed that divorcees from early marriages were unable to fulfill the provisions of Child Custody Rights. This was observed from the fact that the couple did not provide the required child protection after the divorce in addition to the non-fulfillment of other rights such as Nasab, Nafkah, Care (Hadhanah), and Child Education Patterns. Furthermore, the mother is required by the law to have full custody while the father provides living expenses. This requirement is observed to have been ignored because the mother is underage and lacks the maturity to perform the necessary obligations such as caring for and educating the children. Therefore, the children are discovered to be under the care of the parents of the mother.
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References
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Hynek, Kamila Angelika, Dawit Shawel Abebe, Aart C. Liefbroer, Lars Johan Hauge, dan Melanie Lindsay Straiton. “The Association between Early Marriage and Mental Disorder among Young Migrant and Non-Migrant Women: A Norwegian Register-Based Study.” BMC Women’s Health 22, no. 1 (27 Juni 2022): 258. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12905-022-01836-5.
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“Interview with Mrs. SI, East Kotagajah Community on December 12, 2019.,” t.t.
“Interview with Mrs. TM, parents of Mrs. RA, Kotagajah Timur Community on December 11, 2019.,” t.t.
“Interview with Mrs. WT, parents of Mrs. SI, East Kotagajah Community on December 12, 2019.,” t.t.
“Interview with Mrs. YN, Mrs. RA’s neighbor, East Kotagajah community on December 12, 2019.,” t.t.
“Interview with neighbors and close people, East Kotagajah Community on 13 December 2019.,” t.t.
Intruksi Presiden. Kompilasi Hukum Islam. No 1., 1991.
Islami, Irfan, dan Aini Sahara. “Legalitas Penguasaan Hak Asuh Anak dibawah Umur (Hadhanah) kepada Bapak Pasca Perceraian.” Al-Qadau: Jurnal Peradiilan dan Hukum Keluarga ISlam 6, no. 2 (2019): 181–94. https://doi.org/10.24252/al-qadau.v6i2.10715.
Kalmijn, Matthijs, dan Marjolein Broese Van Groenou. “Differential Effects of Divorce on Social Integration.” Journal of Social and Personal Relationships 22, no. 4 (Agustus 2005): 455–76. https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407505054516.
Kharlie, Ahmad Tholabi. “Modernisasi, Tradisi, dan Identitas: Praktik Hukum Keluarga Islam Indonesia.” Studia Islamika 18, no. 1 (30 April 2011). https://doi.org/10.15408/sdi.v18i1.444.
Mareta, Vina, dan Muh Jufri Achmad. “Perlindungan Terhadap Pengabaian Hak Asuh Anak Akibat Perceraian.” Bureaucracy Journal : Indonesia Journal of Law and Social-Political Governance 2, no. 1 (2022): 484–502. https://doi.org/10.53363/bureau.v2i1.146.
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Mathlub, Abdul Majid Muhammad, dan Al Wazif Fi Ahkam Al Usroh Al Islamiyah. Panduan Hukum Keluarga Sakinah. 1 ed. Solo: Era Media, 2005.
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Munif, Ahmad. Kebangkitan Kaum Janda: Akar Teologis-Spiritual Kaum Papa. Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar, 2009.
Musawwamah, Siti. “The Implementation of PERMA Number 3 of 2017 Concerning The Guidelines For Dealing With Women’s Cases on Laws As an Effort of Women Empowerment In The Judiciary in Madura.” AL-IHKAM: Jurnal Hukum & Pranata Sosial 15, no. 1 (27 Juni 2020): 67–92. https://doi.org/10.19105/al-lhkam.v15i1.2883.
Nuroniyah, Wardah. “Cerai Lebe sebagai Inisiatif Lokal dalam Upaya Meminimalisir Praktek Perceraian Liar (Studi Kasus di Desa Cangkring Kabupaten Indramayu).” Al-Manahij: Jurnal Kajian Hukum Islam 14, no. 1 (2 Juni 2020): 113–29. https://doi.org/10.24090/mnh.v14i1.3739.
Pengadilan Tinggi Agama Kalimantan Tengah, Lutfi Lutfi, Amir Muallim, dan Universitas Islam Indonesia. “Penerapan Kompilasi Hukum Islam pada Peradilan Agama dalam Perkara Hadhonah dan Eksekusi Putusannya.” Millah 20, no. 2 (28 Februari 2021): 275–300. https://doi.org/10.20885/millah.vol20.iss2.art4.
peraturan.bpk.go.id. “Perubahan norma dalam Undang-Undang Nomor 1 Tahun 1974 tentang Perkawinan,” 2019. https://peraturan.bpk.go.id/Details/122740/uu-no-16-tahun-2019.
Ramadhan, Suci, dan Jm. Muslimin. “Indonesian Religious Court Decisions on Child Custody Cases: Between Positivism and Progressive Legal Thought.” JURIS (Jurnal Ilmiah Syariah) 21, no. 1 (10 Juni 2022): 89. https://doi.org/10.31958/juris.v21i1.5723.
Ramulyo, Mohd Idris. Hukum Perkawinan Islam. Jakarta: Bumi Aksara, 2004.
Ropei, Ahmad, Miftachul Huda, Adudin Alijaya, Fakhry Fadhil, dan Fitria Zulfa. “MANAGING ‘BALIGH’ IN FOUR MUSLIM COUNTRIES: Egypt, Tunisia, Pakistan, and Indonesia on the Minimum Age for Marriage.” Al-Ahwal: Jurnal Hukum Keluarga Islam 16, no. 1 (30 Juni 2023): 112. https://doi.org/10.14421/ahwal.2023.16106.
Sabiq, Sayyid. Fiqih Sunnah, Jilid 4. t.t.: PT. Tinta Abadi Gemilang, 2013.
Saleh, Abubakir M., Samir M. Othman, Kameran H. Ismail, dan Nazar P. Shabila. “Exploring Iraqi People’s Perception about Early Marriage: A Qualitative Study.” BMC Women’s Health 22, no. 1 (29 September 2022): 393. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12905-022-01980-y.
Salis, Lismi, dan Endang Heriyani. “Dampak Perkawinan di Bawah Umur Terhadap Terjadinya Perceraian.” MLS: Media of Law and Sharia 4, no. 1 (2022): 34–50. https://doi.org/10.18196/mls.v4i1.17186.
Setiawati, Lilis, Habib Ismail, Ahmad Muhklishin, Mufid Arsyad, dan Rakhmat. “Penguasaan Kakek pada Hak Asuh Anak di Bawah Umur dalam Perspektif Maqashid Syariah.” At-Tahdzib: Jurnal Studi Islam dan Mu’amalah 11, no. 2 (2023): 44–51. https://doi.org/10.61181/at-tahdzib.v11i2.312.
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“Undang-undang No. 35 Tahun 2014,” t.t.
Yuandina Sekarayu, Shafa, dan Nunung Nurwati. “Dampak Pernikahan Usia Dini Terhadap Kesehatan Reproduksi.” Jurnal Pengabdian dan Penelitian Kepada Masyarakat (JPPM) 2, no. 1 (2021): 37–45. https://doi.org/10.24198/jppm.v2i1.33436.
Ahya Robby, Yelia, dan Ela Siti Fauziah. “Pernikahan Usia Dini dan Dampak Perceraian di Pedesaan.” Istinbath: Jurnal Penelitian Hukum Islam 16, no. 1 (2021): 115–34. https://doi.org/10.36667/istinbath.v16i1.283.
Al-Barik, Haya Binti Mubarok. Ensiklopedi Wanita Muslim. Bekasi: PT. Darul Falah, 2010.
Alem, Adugnaw Zeleke, Yigizie Yeshaw, Sewnet Adem Kebede, Alemneh Mekuriaw Liyew, Getayeneh Antehunegn Tesema, Chilot Desta Agegnehu, dan Achamyeleh Birhanu Teshale. “Spatial Distribution and Determinants of Early Marriage among Married Women in Ethiopia: A Spatial and Multilevel Analysis.” BMC Women’s Health 20, no. 1 (Desember 2020): 207. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12905-020-01070-x.
Alinejhad, Sodabeh, Yousef Veisani, Sehat Aibod, Akbar Azizifar, Mostafa Alirahmi, dan Fathola Mohamadian. “Association of Demographic, Social, and Personality Factors with Early Versus Late Divorce in Women: A Cross Sectional Study in Ilam, West of Iran.” Shiraz E-Medical Journal 20, no. 10 (16 September 2019). https://doi.org/10.5812/semj.85705.
Allen, Jessica, Reuben Balfour, Ruth Bell, dan Michael Marmot. “Social Determinants of Mental Health.” International Review of Psychiatry 26, no. 4 (Agustus 2014): 392–407. https://doi.org/10.3109/09540261.2014.928270.
Aslati, A. Agustar, Silawati, Arisman, dan S. Arafah. “Utilizing Science and Maqāṣid Al-Sharī’ah in Resolving Contemporary Issues of Islamic Family Law.” Al-Manahij: Jurnal Kajian Hukum Islam 18, no. 1 (2024): 17–36. https://doi.org/10.24090/mnh.v18i1.10571.
Auda, Jasser. Memahami Maqasid Syariah: Peranan Maqasid Dalam Pembaharuan Islam Kontemporer, Terj. Marwan Bukhari Bin A. Hamid. Malaysia: PTS Islamika SDN BHD, 2014.
Ayu Putri, Aldella, dan Mohamad Fajri Mekka Putra. “Perkara Hak Anak dalam Perceraian: Analisis Putusan Mahkamah Agung.” Jurnal Kertha Semaya 11, no. 8 (2023): 1811–23. https://doi.org/10.24843/KS.2023.v11.i08.p06.
Daud, Abu. Kitab At-Thalaq, Bab Man Ahaqqu Bihwaladd, No. 1938. Edisi II. Software Maktabah Syamila, t.t.
Fahrezi, Muhammad, dan Nunung Nurwati. “Pengaruh Perkawinan di Bawah Umur terhadap Tingkat Perceraian.” Prosiding Penelitian & Pengabdian Kepada Masyarakat 7, no. 1 (2020): 80–89. https://doi.org/10.24198/jppm.v7i1.28142.
Faiz, Muhammad Fauzinudin, Zezen Zainul Ali, dan Muhammad Taufiq. “Underage Widows and Widowers before the Law: Problem, Contestation and Legal Certainty in Marriage Dispensation.” JURIS (Jurnal Ilmiah Syariah) 22, no. 2 (15 Desember 2023): 223. https://doi.org/10.31958/juris.v22i2.9097.
Fauzi. “Suwar al-hadanah ba‘da al-talaq fī Aceh al-Wusta.” Studia Islamika 24, no. 1 (2017): 99–150. http://dx.doi.org/10.15408/sdi.v24i1.4189.
Fauzi, Fauzi. “Ṣuwar al-ḥaḍānah ba‘da al-ṭalāq fī Aceh al-Wusṭá.” Studia Islamika 24, no. 1 (21 April 2017): 99–150. https://doi.org/10.15408/sdi.v24i1.4189.
Fitriani, Erika, dan Winsherly Tan. “Tinjauan Hukum Tentang Pernikahan Dini dan Perceraian.” JUSTITIA: Jurnal Ilmu Hukum dan Humaniora 9 (4), no. 4 (2022): 2083–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.31604/justitia.v9i4.2083-2095.
Gad Makhlouf, A. “The Doctrinal Development of Contemporary Islamic Law: Fiqh Academies as an Institutional Framework.” Oxford Journal of Law and Religion 10, no. 3 (2021): 464–86. https://doi.org/10.1093/ojlr/rwac005.
Hamdani, Muhammad Faisal. “Hukum Keluarga Islam dalam Perspektif HAM Universal (UDHR) dan HAM Islam (UIDHR).” AHKAM : Jurnal Ilmu Syariah 16, no. 1 (28 Januari 2016). https://doi.org/10.15408/ajis.v16i1.2892.
Hanafi, Agustin, dan Novan Satria. “Pengasuhan Anak dan Pembagian Harta Pasca Perceraian.” Seulanga: Jurnal Pendidikan Anak 4, no. 1 (2023): 17–25. https://doi.org/10.47766/seulanga.v4i1.1452.
Hidayatul Ulya, Fawzia, Fashi Hatul Lisaniyah, dan Mu’amaroh. “Penguasaan Hak Asuh Anak di Bawah Umur kepada Bapak.” The Indonesian Journal of Islamic Law and Civil Law 2, no. I (2021): 101–17. https://doi.org/10.51675/jaksya.v2i1.176.
Hynek, Kamila Angelika, Dawit Shawel Abebe, Aart C. Liefbroer, Lars Johan Hauge, dan Melanie Lindsay Straiton. “The Association between Early Marriage and Mental Disorder among Young Migrant and Non-Migrant Women: A Norwegian Register-Based Study.” BMC Women’s Health 22, no. 1 (27 Juni 2022): 258. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12905-022-01836-5.
Ibrahim, Duski. Al-Qawa’id Al-Fiqhiyah (Kiadah-Kiadah Fiqih). Palembang: Noer Fikri, 2019.
“Interview with Mrs. RA, East Kotagajah Community on December 11, 2019.,” t.t.
“Interview with Mrs. RI, East Kotagajah Community on December 10, 2019.,” t.t.
“Interview with Mrs. RI’s neighbor, East Kotagajah community on December 11, 2019.,” t.t.
“Interview with Mrs. RN, parents of Mrs. RI, Kotagajah Timur Community on December 10, 2019.,” t.t.
“Interview with Mrs. SI, East Kotagajah Community on December 12, 2019.,” t.t.
“Interview with Mrs. TM, parents of Mrs. RA, Kotagajah Timur Community on December 11, 2019.,” t.t.
“Interview with Mrs. WT, parents of Mrs. SI, East Kotagajah Community on December 12, 2019.,” t.t.
“Interview with Mrs. YN, Mrs. RA’s neighbor, East Kotagajah community on December 12, 2019.,” t.t.
“Interview with neighbors and close people, East Kotagajah Community on 13 December 2019.,” t.t.
Intruksi Presiden. Kompilasi Hukum Islam. No 1., 1991.
Islami, Irfan, dan Aini Sahara. “Legalitas Penguasaan Hak Asuh Anak dibawah Umur (Hadhanah) kepada Bapak Pasca Perceraian.” Al-Qadau: Jurnal Peradiilan dan Hukum Keluarga ISlam 6, no. 2 (2019): 181–94. https://doi.org/10.24252/al-qadau.v6i2.10715.
Kalmijn, Matthijs, dan Marjolein Broese Van Groenou. “Differential Effects of Divorce on Social Integration.” Journal of Social and Personal Relationships 22, no. 4 (Agustus 2005): 455–76. https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407505054516.
Kharlie, Ahmad Tholabi. “Modernisasi, Tradisi, dan Identitas: Praktik Hukum Keluarga Islam Indonesia.” Studia Islamika 18, no. 1 (30 April 2011). https://doi.org/10.15408/sdi.v18i1.444.
Mareta, Vina, dan Muh Jufri Achmad. “Perlindungan Terhadap Pengabaian Hak Asuh Anak Akibat Perceraian.” Bureaucracy Journal : Indonesia Journal of Law and Social-Political Governance 2, no. 1 (2022): 484–502. https://doi.org/10.53363/bureau.v2i1.146.
Maryani, Deni. “Upaya Ibu Sebagai Orang Tua Tunggal dalam Mendidik Anak Usia Dini di Desa Permu Bawah Kecamatan Kepahiang Kabupaten Kepahiang”.” repository.unib.ac.id. Universitas Bengkulu, 2014.
Mathlub, Abdul Majid Muhammad, dan Al Wazif Fi Ahkam Al Usroh Al Islamiyah. Panduan Hukum Keluarga Sakinah. 1 ed. Solo: Era Media, 2005.
Maulana Syahid Nur ‘Ala, Ibrahim, Tutik Hamidah, dan Tulus Setiyono. “Pola Pengasuhan Anak Usia Dasar Pasca Perceraian dalam Perspektif Islam.” AL-ASASIYYA: Journal Basic of Education (AJBE) 7, no. 1 (2022): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.24269/ajbe.v7i1.6416.
Munif, Ahmad. Kebangkitan Kaum Janda: Akar Teologis-Spiritual Kaum Papa. Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar, 2009.
Musawwamah, Siti. “The Implementation of PERMA Number 3 of 2017 Concerning The Guidelines For Dealing With Women’s Cases on Laws As an Effort of Women Empowerment In The Judiciary in Madura.” AL-IHKAM: Jurnal Hukum & Pranata Sosial 15, no. 1 (27 Juni 2020): 67–92. https://doi.org/10.19105/al-lhkam.v15i1.2883.
Nuroniyah, Wardah. “Cerai Lebe sebagai Inisiatif Lokal dalam Upaya Meminimalisir Praktek Perceraian Liar (Studi Kasus di Desa Cangkring Kabupaten Indramayu).” Al-Manahij: Jurnal Kajian Hukum Islam 14, no. 1 (2 Juni 2020): 113–29. https://doi.org/10.24090/mnh.v14i1.3739.
Pengadilan Tinggi Agama Kalimantan Tengah, Lutfi Lutfi, Amir Muallim, dan Universitas Islam Indonesia. “Penerapan Kompilasi Hukum Islam pada Peradilan Agama dalam Perkara Hadhonah dan Eksekusi Putusannya.” Millah 20, no. 2 (28 Februari 2021): 275–300. https://doi.org/10.20885/millah.vol20.iss2.art4.
peraturan.bpk.go.id. “Perubahan norma dalam Undang-Undang Nomor 1 Tahun 1974 tentang Perkawinan,” 2019. https://peraturan.bpk.go.id/Details/122740/uu-no-16-tahun-2019.
Ramadhan, Suci, dan Jm. Muslimin. “Indonesian Religious Court Decisions on Child Custody Cases: Between Positivism and Progressive Legal Thought.” JURIS (Jurnal Ilmiah Syariah) 21, no. 1 (10 Juni 2022): 89. https://doi.org/10.31958/juris.v21i1.5723.
Ramulyo, Mohd Idris. Hukum Perkawinan Islam. Jakarta: Bumi Aksara, 2004.
Ropei, Ahmad, Miftachul Huda, Adudin Alijaya, Fakhry Fadhil, dan Fitria Zulfa. “MANAGING ‘BALIGH’ IN FOUR MUSLIM COUNTRIES: Egypt, Tunisia, Pakistan, and Indonesia on the Minimum Age for Marriage.” Al-Ahwal: Jurnal Hukum Keluarga Islam 16, no. 1 (30 Juni 2023): 112. https://doi.org/10.14421/ahwal.2023.16106.
Sabiq, Sayyid. Fiqih Sunnah, Jilid 4. t.t.: PT. Tinta Abadi Gemilang, 2013.
Saleh, Abubakir M., Samir M. Othman, Kameran H. Ismail, dan Nazar P. Shabila. “Exploring Iraqi People’s Perception about Early Marriage: A Qualitative Study.” BMC Women’s Health 22, no. 1 (29 September 2022): 393. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12905-022-01980-y.
Salis, Lismi, dan Endang Heriyani. “Dampak Perkawinan di Bawah Umur Terhadap Terjadinya Perceraian.” MLS: Media of Law and Sharia 4, no. 1 (2022): 34–50. https://doi.org/10.18196/mls.v4i1.17186.
Setiawati, Lilis, Habib Ismail, Ahmad Muhklishin, Mufid Arsyad, dan Rakhmat. “Penguasaan Kakek pada Hak Asuh Anak di Bawah Umur dalam Perspektif Maqashid Syariah.” At-Tahdzib: Jurnal Studi Islam dan Mu’amalah 11, no. 2 (2023): 44–51. https://doi.org/10.61181/at-tahdzib.v11i2.312.
Suwaid, Muhammad Nur Abdul Hafizh. Mendidik Anak Bersama Nabi. Solo: PT. Pustaka Arafa, 2004.
Ulwan, Abdullah Nashin. Pendidikan Anak dalam Islam. Jakarta: Pusaka Amani, 1995.
“Undang-undang No. 1 Tahun 1974,” t.t.
“Undang-undang No. 35 Tahun 2014,” t.t.
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Published
2024-04-04
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Articles
How to Cite
Contemporary Islamic Law in Indonesia: The Fulfillment of Child Custody Rights in Divorce Cases Caused by Early Marriage. (2024). MILRev: Metro Islamic Law Review, 3(1), 1-21. https://doi.org/10.32332/milrev.v3i1.8907
