Digital Rights and Women's Empowerment in Pakistan: An Analysis of Contemporary Islamic Legal Perspectives in the Age of Social Media
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.32332/milrev.v3i1.8642Keywords:
Digital Rights, Women's Empowerment, Contemporary Islamic Law, Social MediaAbstract
The examination of the convergence between digital rights and women's empowerment is conducted within the socio-legal framework in Pakistan, with particular emphasis on the influence of contemporary Islamic legal perspectives amidst increased social media engagement. Therefore, this study aimed to examine the evolving dynamics of women's participation in the digital space and the attendant impact on empowerment in Pakistan. The analysis discussed the origins and expansion of digital landscape and the influence of social media on people's lives. The qualitative study focused on Islamic teachings and the implications for rules in the digital world. In addition, data was collected through interviews with several women of different ages and backgrounds. Social media and digital platforms offered access to information, education, and opportunities for skills development. The results showed that women used digital platforms for entrepreneurship and economic empowerment. This supported economic independence and ethical business practices, in line with Islamic principles to seize opportunities. In the face of challenges and opportunities, the ethical dimensions were considered from an Islamic perspective. Emphasizing values such as justice, privacy, dignity, and the pursuit of knowledge could guide efforts to promote digital rights for women's empowerment in line with Islamic principles.
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References
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Hussein, Fardowsa. “‘Sexism and Misogyny’ Heightened; Women’s Freedoms Supressed.” UN News (blog), 2021. https://news.un.org/en/story/2021/10/1103382.
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Iqbal, Anwar, and Arifa Noor. “Only 29pc Women Have Bank Accounts in Pakistan: SBP Chief.” Dawn (blog), 2021. https://www.dawn.com/news/1611498.
Irfan, Anmol. “The Digital Gender Gap, a Major Obstacle to the Fight for Equality for Women in Pakistan.” EL PAÍS English (blog), 2023. https://english.elpais.com/international/2023-11-14/the-digital-gender-gap-a-major-obstacle-to-the-fight-for-equality-for-women-in-pakistan.html.
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Kamran, Hija. “The Year in Review: Digital Rights in Pakistan.” Digital Rights Monitor (blog), February 1, 2020. https://digitalrightsmonitor.pk/the-year-in-review-digital-rights-in-pakistan/.
Kamran, Hija, and Meher Ahmad. “Pakistan’s Revenge Porn Law Is Stronger than Most. For One Woman, That Made No Difference.” Rest of World (blog), 2021. https://restofworld.org/2021/pakistans-revenge-porn-law-is-stronger-than-most-for-one-woman-that-made-no-difference/.
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Khadijah, Shah. “Digital Gender Gap in Pakistan: Men Dominate The Charts in All Categories.” ProPakistani (blog), March 3, 2022. https://propakistani.pk/2022/03/03/digital-gender-gap-in-pakistan-men-dominate-the-charts-in-all-categories/.
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Pakistan Telecommunication Authority. “Annual Report 2020.” Pakistan Telecommunication Authority (blog), January 15, 2021. https://www.pta.gov-.pk/assets/media/annual_report_2020_15012021.pdf.
Pangrazio, Luci, and Julian Sefton-Green. “Digital Rights, Digital Citizenship and Digital Literacy: What’s the Difference?” Journal of New Approaches in Educational Research 10, no. 1 (January 15, 2021): 15. https://doi.org/10.7821/naer.2021.1.616.
Purnomo, Agus, Umi Sumbulah, Nor Salam, and Hikam Hulwanullah. “Characteristics of Hate Speech and Freedom of Expression in the Perspective of Maqāṣid Al-Sharī’ah.” JURIS (Jurnal Ilmiah Syariah) 22, no. 1 (June 26, 2023): 171. https://doi.org/10.31958/juris.v22i1.9446.
Seals, Tara. “Women, Minorities Are Hacked More Than Others.” Threatpost (blog), 2021. https://threatpost.com/women-minorities-hacked/175038/.
Shany, Yuval. “Digital Rights and the Outer Limits of International Human Rights Law.” German Law Journal 24, no. 3 (April 2023): 461–72. https://doi.org/10.1017/glj.2023.35.
Shata, Aya, and Michelle I. Seelig. “The Dragonfly Effect: Analysis of the Social Media Women’s Empowerment Campaign.” Journal of Creative Communications 16, no. 3 (November 2021): 331–46. https://doi.org/10.1177/09732586211036551.
Singh, Devesh Pratap. “Role of Social Media in Women Empowerment in Reference of Bhopal (M.P.).” The Asian Thinker: A Quarterly Bilingual Peer-Reviewed Journal for Social Sciences and Humanities 3 (2019).
Sohail, Maham, and Rameen Durrani. “Digital Rights in Pakistan: A Review of 2023.” Pakistan: Digital Rights Foundation, 2023. https://digitalrightsfoundation.pk/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/Digital-Rights-in-Pakistan_-A-Review-of-2023-1.pdf.
Swiss German University, Indonesia, Ezmieralda Melissa, Anis Hamidati, Swiss German University, Indonesia, Muninggar Sri Hamidati, and Swiss German University, Indonesia. “Social Media Empowerment: How Social Media Helps to Boost Women Entrepreneurship in Indonesian Urban Areas.” IAFOR Journal of Media, Communication & Film 1, no. 1 (August 8, 2013): 77–90. https://doi.org/10.22492/ijmcf.1.1.06.
The News. “Who Is Tania Aidrus?” The News International (blog), July 29, 2020. https://www.thenews.com.pk/latest/693855-who-is-tania-aidrus.
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Akram, Mubashir. “Digitalisation and Women in Pakistan.” Pakistan: National Commission on the Status of Women and United Nations Development Programme, 2023. https://www.undp.org/pakistan/publications/digitalisation-and-women-pakistan.
AlAmmary, Jaflah. “The Impact of Social Media on Women’s Empowerment in the Kingdom of Bahrain.” Gender, Technology and Development 26, no. 2 (June 27, 2022): 238–62. https://doi.org/10.1080/09718524.2022.2040217.
Ali, Zezen Zainul. “The Urgency of Patriotism in Maintaining the Unity in the Republic of Indonesia in the Perspective of Maslahah.” El-Mashlahah 11, no. 2 (December 23, 2021): 116–26. https://doi.org/10.23971/elma.v11i2.2958.
Amit Kumar Mandal. “A STUDY ON IMPECT OF SOCIAL MEDIA ON WOMEN EMPOWERMENT IN INDIA.” EPRA International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research (IJMR), February 18, 2022, 168–70. https://doi.org/10.36713/epra9558.
ARY News Desk. “Mera Dil Ye Pukare Aaja’ Girl Reveals Story behind Viral Video.” ARY News Desk (blog), 2022. https://arynews.tv/mera-dil-ye-pukare-aaja-story-behind-girls-viral-video/.
Asher, Saira, and Vikas Pandey. “‘Pawri Girl’: A Five-Second Video Brings India and Pakistan Together.” BBC (blog), 2021. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-56107941.
Azhary, Muhammad Tahir. Negara Hukum: Suatu Studi Tentang Prinsip-Prinsip Dilihat Dari Segi Hukum Islam, Implementasinya Pada Periode Nagara Madinah Dan Masa Kini. Jakarta Pusat: Sinar Grafika, 2003.
Barker, Kim, and Olga Jurasz. “Text-Based (Sexual) Abuse and Online Violence Against Women: Toward Law Reform?” In The Emerald International Handbook of Technology-Facilitated Violence and Abuse, edited by Jane Bailey, Asher Flynn, and Nicola Henry, 247–64. Emerald Publishing Limited, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1108/978-1-83982-848-520211017.
Bukhari, Imam. “Sahih Bukhari, Book 27: Chapters on Righteousness And Maintaining Good Relations With Relatives, Hadith 1977,” n.d.
———. Sahih Bukhari, Book 78, Good Manners and Form (Al-Adab), Hadith 6202, n.d.
Carter, Chance. “An Update on the Legal Landscape of Revenge Porn.” National Association of Attorneys General (blog), 2021. https://www.naag.org/attorney-general-journal/an-update-on-the-legal-landscape-of-revenge-porn/.
Chakraborty, Uttam, and Santosh Kumar Biswal. “Impact of Social Media Participation on Female Entrepreneurs towards Their Digital Entrepreneurship Intention and Psychological Empowerment.” Journal of Research in Marketing and Entrepreneurship 25, no. 3 (November 16, 2023): 374–92. https://doi.org/10.1108/JRME-03-2021-0028.
Dad, Nighat, and Hija Kamran. “How the Digital Rights Foundation Is Empowering Women to Defend Their Rights.” Access Now (blog), 2017. https://www.accessnow.org/digital-rights-foundation-empowering-women-defend-rights/.
Dehingia, Nabamallika, Julian McAuley, Lotus McDougal, Elizabeth Reed, Jay G. Silverman, Lianne Urada, and Anita Raj. “Violence against Women on Twitter in India: Testing a Taxonomy for Online Misogyny and Measuring Its Prevalence during COVID-19.” Edited by Mahdi Zareei. PLOS ONE 18, no. 10 (October 25, 2023): e0292121. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0292121.
Digital Freedom Fund. “Digital Rights Are Human Rights – Digital Freedom Fund.” Digital Freedom Fund (blog), 2020. https://digitalfreedomfund.org/digital-rights-are-human-rights/.
Digital Rights Foundation. “DRF Launches New Report on Online Violence Against Women in Pakistan.” Pakistan: Digital Rights Foundation, 2017. https://digitalrightsfoundation.pk/drf-launches-new-report-on-online-violence-against-women-in-pakistan/.
European Center for Populism Studies (ECPS), and Neo Sithole. “Report on Mapping Global Populism — Panel 4: The Role of Populism, Radicalization and Hindutva in India.” European Center for Populism Studies (ECPS), October 10, 2023. https://doi.org/10.55271/rp0042.
Gad Makhlouf, A. “The Doctrinal Development of Contemporary Islamic Law: Fiqh Academies as an Institutional Framework.” Oxford Journal of Law and Religion 10, no. 3 (2021): 464–86. https://doi.org/10.1093/ojlr/rwac005.
Haque, Jahanzaib. “Pakistan’s Internet Landscape 2020.” FES, 2021. https://pakistan.fes.de/e/pakistans-internet-landscape-2020.
Hussein, Fardowsa. “‘Sexism and Misogyny’ Heightened; Women’s Freedoms Supressed.” UN News (blog), 2021. https://news.un.org/en/story/2021/10/1103382.
Ibrahim, Fathima. “Social Media And Women Empowerment: A Brand New Facet.” Legal Service India.Com (blog), n.d. https://www.legalserviceindia.com/legal/article-6896-social-media-and-women-empowerment-a-brand-new-facet.html.
IDRC.CRDI. “Protecting Digital Rights Pakistan.” IDRC.CRDI (blog), February 13, 2017. https://idrc-crdi.ca/en/stories/protecting-digital-rights-pakistan.
Iqbal, Anwar, and Arifa Noor. “Only 29pc Women Have Bank Accounts in Pakistan: SBP Chief.” Dawn (blog), 2021. https://www.dawn.com/news/1611498.
Irfan, Anmol. “The Digital Gender Gap, a Major Obstacle to the Fight for Equality for Women in Pakistan.” EL PAÍS English (blog), 2023. https://english.elpais.com/international/2023-11-14/the-digital-gender-gap-a-major-obstacle-to-the-fight-for-equality-for-women-in-pakistan.html.
Jan, Asad. “Internet Freedom and Women Access to Internet in Pakistan.” Asadjan.Com (blog), 2021. https://www.asadjan.com/expert-analysis/internet-freedom-and-challenges-to-women-in-pakistan-voa.
Kamran, Hija. “The Year in Review: Digital Rights in Pakistan.” Digital Rights Monitor (blog), February 1, 2020. https://digitalrightsmonitor.pk/the-year-in-review-digital-rights-in-pakistan/.
Kamran, Hija, and Meher Ahmad. “Pakistan’s Revenge Porn Law Is Stronger than Most. For One Woman, That Made No Difference.” Rest of World (blog), 2021. https://restofworld.org/2021/pakistans-revenge-porn-law-is-stronger-than-most-for-one-woman-that-made-no-difference/.
Kasdi, Abdurrahman. “Maqashid Syari’ah Dan Hak Asasi Manusia (Implemetasi Ham Dalam Pemikiran Islam).” Jurnal Penelitian 8, no. 2 (2014): 247–68. https://doi.org/10.21043/JUPE.V8I2.836.
Khadijah, Shah. “Digital Gender Gap in Pakistan: Men Dominate The Charts in All Categories.” ProPakistani (blog), March 3, 2022. https://propakistani.pk/2022/03/03/digital-gender-gap-in-pakistan-men-dominate-the-charts-in-all-categories/.
Knops. “The Virtue of Silence: An Ode to Those Who Can Keep Silent.” Knops.Co (blog), 2023. https://knops.co/magazine/the-virtue-of-silence/.
Kumari, Madhu. “Cyber Crime and Children in Digital Era.” International Journal of Scientific Research in Science and Technology, February 9, 2021, 151–60. https://doi.org/10.32628/IJSRST218124.
Livingstone, Sonia. “Children’s Digital Rights: A Priority.” Intermedia 42 (2014): 20–24.
Lubis, M., and M. Kartiwi. “Privacy and Trust in the Islamic Perspective: Implication of the Digital Age.” In 2013 5th International Conference on Information and Communication Technology for the Muslim World (ICT4M), 1–6. Rabat: IEEE, 2013. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICT4M.2013.6518898.
Makhlouf, Ahmed Gad. “Evolution of Islamic Law in the 20th Century: The Conception of Collective Ijtihād in the Debate Between Muslim Scholars.” Oxford Journal of Law and Religion 9, no. 1 (February 1, 2020): 157–78. https://doi.org/10.1093/ojlr/rwaa019.
Masood, Javeria. “DigitAll: What Happens When Women of Pakistan Get Access to Digital and Tech Tools? A Lot!” United Nations Development Programme (blog), 2023. https://www.undp.org/pakistan/blog/digitall-what-happens-when-women-pakistan-get-access-digital-and-tech-tools-lot.
Media Defence. Training Manual on Digital Rights and Freedom of Expression Online. Columbia: Global Freedom of Expression Clumbia University, 2018. https://teaching.globalfreedomofexpression.columbia.edu/resources/training-manual-digital-rights-and-freedom-expression-online.
Mehr, Sanam. “Viewpoint: Qandeel Baloch Was Killed for Making Lives ’difficult.” BBC (blog), 2019. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-49874994.
Pakistan Bureau of Statistics. “Pakistan Demographic Survey 2020.” Statistics. Pakistan: Pakistan Bureau of Statistics, 2020. https://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files/population/publications/pds2020/Pakistan_Demographic_Survey-2020.pdf.
Pakistan Telecommunication Authority. “Annual Report 2020.” Pakistan Telecommunication Authority (blog), January 15, 2021. https://www.pta.gov-.pk/assets/media/annual_report_2020_15012021.pdf.
Pangrazio, Luci, and Julian Sefton-Green. “Digital Rights, Digital Citizenship and Digital Literacy: What’s the Difference?” Journal of New Approaches in Educational Research 10, no. 1 (January 15, 2021): 15. https://doi.org/10.7821/naer.2021.1.616.
Purnomo, Agus, Umi Sumbulah, Nor Salam, and Hikam Hulwanullah. “Characteristics of Hate Speech and Freedom of Expression in the Perspective of Maqāṣid Al-Sharī’ah.” JURIS (Jurnal Ilmiah Syariah) 22, no. 1 (June 26, 2023): 171. https://doi.org/10.31958/juris.v22i1.9446.
Seals, Tara. “Women, Minorities Are Hacked More Than Others.” Threatpost (blog), 2021. https://threatpost.com/women-minorities-hacked/175038/.
Shany, Yuval. “Digital Rights and the Outer Limits of International Human Rights Law.” German Law Journal 24, no. 3 (April 2023): 461–72. https://doi.org/10.1017/glj.2023.35.
Shata, Aya, and Michelle I. Seelig. “The Dragonfly Effect: Analysis of the Social Media Women’s Empowerment Campaign.” Journal of Creative Communications 16, no. 3 (November 2021): 331–46. https://doi.org/10.1177/09732586211036551.
Singh, Devesh Pratap. “Role of Social Media in Women Empowerment in Reference of Bhopal (M.P.).” The Asian Thinker: A Quarterly Bilingual Peer-Reviewed Journal for Social Sciences and Humanities 3 (2019).
Sohail, Maham, and Rameen Durrani. “Digital Rights in Pakistan: A Review of 2023.” Pakistan: Digital Rights Foundation, 2023. https://digitalrightsfoundation.pk/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/Digital-Rights-in-Pakistan_-A-Review-of-2023-1.pdf.
Swiss German University, Indonesia, Ezmieralda Melissa, Anis Hamidati, Swiss German University, Indonesia, Muninggar Sri Hamidati, and Swiss German University, Indonesia. “Social Media Empowerment: How Social Media Helps to Boost Women Entrepreneurship in Indonesian Urban Areas.” IAFOR Journal of Media, Communication & Film 1, no. 1 (August 8, 2013): 77–90. https://doi.org/10.22492/ijmcf.1.1.06.
The News. “Who Is Tania Aidrus?” The News International (blog), July 29, 2020. https://www.thenews.com.pk/latest/693855-who-is-tania-aidrus.
UN Women. “Speech: Shaping a More Inclusive Digital Transformation with SDG 5 at the Core.” Www.Unwomen.Org (blog), 2023. https://www.unwomen.org/en. https://www.unwomen.org/en/news-stories/speech/2022/09/speech-shaping-a-more-inclusive-digital-transformation-with-sdg-5-at-the-core.
Wajcman, Judy, Erin Young, and Anna Fitzmaurice. “The Digital Revolution: Implications for Gender Equality and Women’s Rights 25 Years after Beijing.” UN Women, 2020. https://www.unwomen.org/en/digital-library/publications/2020/08/discussion-paper-the-digital-revolution-implications-for-gender-equality-and-womens-rights.
World Bank. “Global Findex Database 2017.” Pakistan: World Bank, 2017.
Worldometers. “Pakistan Demographics 2023 (Population, Age, Sex, Trends).” Worldometers (blog), 2023. https://www.worldometers.info/demographics/pakistan-demographics/.
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2024-04-11
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Digital Rights and Women’s Empowerment in Pakistan: An Analysis of Contemporary Islamic Legal Perspectives in the Age of Social Media. (2024). MILRev : Metro Islamic Law Review, 3(1), 95-118. https://doi.org/10.32332/milrev.v3i1.8642
