Legal Protection of Secured Creditors in Contemporary Bankruptcy: A Comparative Study of Positive Law and Islamic Law
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.32332/milrev.v4i2.11518Keywords:
Bankruptcy, Creditor, General Attachment (Sita Generalis), Islamic Law.Abstract
This article examines the legal protection of secured creditors in contemporary bankruptcy, particularly concerning the execution of collateral during insolvency and the scope of their preferential rights. Under Article 55(1) of Law No. 37 of 2004 on Bankruptcy, secured creditors are granted an exception to the principle of general attachment (sita generalis). The central issue addressed is the extent to which these execution rights may be restricted in practice and how judicial decisions establish legal precedents regarding the sale of collateral. The study employs a normative legal research method combined with a comparative approach, analysing Indonesian positive law alongside Islamic law. Data were obtained through an extensive review of statutory regulations, court decisions, and classical and contemporary Islamic jurisprudence. The findings indicate that although secured creditors hold preferential rights, these rights are not absolute. Unilateral auction sales conducted without curator involvement may be deemed unlawful, as they conflict with the principle of general attachment and undermine the curator’s authority in managing the bankruptcy estate, thereby disadvantaging other creditors. Accordingly, the research underscores the importance of coordination between secured creditors and curators to safeguard the collective interests of all creditors. The article’s academic contribution lies in its comparative analysis, which integrates Indonesian positive law with Islamic law's ethical and justice-oriented principles. By addressing legal certainty and humanitarian values, the study provides fresh insights into protecting secured creditors in bankruptcy. Ultimately, it contributes to the broader discourse on developing fairer, more inclusive, and socially responsive bankruptcy regulations within Indonesia’s plural legal framework.
Downloads
References
Adinata, I. Made Teguh, dan I. Made Dedy Priyanto. “Perlindungan Hukum Kreditor Separatis Terhadap Hak Jaminan Yang Diagunkan Oleh Debitor Pailit.” Journal Ilmu Hukum 7, no. 10 (2019). https://ojs.unud.ac.id/index.php/kerthanegara/article/view/54601?utm_source=chatgpt.com.
Amalia, Widya Sari, Iswi Hariyani, dan Bhim Prakoso. “Restrukturisasi Utang Pt Garuda Indonesia, TBK. Sebagai Upaya Penundaan Kewajiban Pembayaran Utang Kepada Kreditur.” MIMBAR YUSTITIA : Jurnal Hukum Dan Hak Asasi Manusia 6, no. 2 (2022): 108–117. https://doi.org/10.52166/mimbar.v6i2.3658.
Anisah, Siti. “Studi Komparasi Terhadap Perlindungan Kepentingan Kreditor Dan Debitor Dalam Hukum Kepailitan.” Jurnal Hukum IUS QUIA IUSTUM, 2009. https://journal.uii.ac.id/IUSTUM/article/view/3881.
Arifah, Risma Nur, dan Arman Safril Adam. “Legal Protection of Concurrent Creditors for The Debts That Are Not Guaranteed by Property Rights According to Bankruptcy Law and Islamic Law.” AT-TURAS: Jurnal Studi Keislaman 9, no. 1 (2022): 1–19. https://doi.org/10.33650/at-turas.v9i1.3398.
Artanti, Siti, Oktiana Marlianti, Lilik Budianto, dan Dhoni Presti Wahyono. “Perlindungan Hukum Atas Kedudukan Kreditor Separatis Dalam Kepailitan (Analisis Putusan Nomor 560 K/Pdt.Sus-Pailit/2021).” Jurnal IKAMAKUM 1, no. 02 (2021): 462–482.
Hirsanuddin, Hirsanuddin, dan Sudiarto Sudiarto. “Perlindungan Hukum Bagi Para Pihak (Kreditur Dan Debitur) Melalui Parate Executie Obyek Hak Tanggungan.” Jurnal IUS Kajian Hukum Dan Keadilan 9, no. 1 (2021): 253–267. https://doi.org/10.29303/ius.v9i1.890.
Hutabarat, Andy Gustaf, Sunarmi Sunarmi, dan Robert Robert. “Perlindungan Kreditur Separatis Terhadap Jangka Waktu Eksekusi Objek Hak Tanggungan Dalam Proses Insolvensi.” Binamulia Hukum 14, no. 1 (2023): 173–186. https://doi.org/10.37893/jbh.v14i1.1007.
Jayadi, Hendri. “Hak Dan Kewajiban Kreditor Memiliki Hak Retensi Dalam Pembagian Harta Pailit Berdasarkan Hukum Perdata Indonesia.” AL-MANHAJ: Jurnal Hukum Dan Pranata Sosial Islam 4, no. 2 (2022): 741–750. https://doi.org/10.37680/almanhaj.v4i2.3346.
Jayadi, Hendri. “Perlindungan Hukum Terhadap Penerapan Asas Pari Passu Prorata Partij Terhadap Kreditor Konkuren Dalam Perspektif Hukum Acara Perdata.” AL-MANHAJ: Jurnal Hukum Dan Pranata Sosial Islam 3, no. 2 (2021): 277–282. https://doi.org/10.37680/almanhaj.v3i2.3347.
Johan, Suwinto, dan Ariawan Ariawan. “Corporate Liability for Creditors’ Losses during the Covid-19 Pandemic.” Jurnal Media Hukum, 1 Juli 2021, 15–28. https://doi.org/10.18196/jmh.v28i1.10566.
Kurniawan, Nida Najla, Elang Rinjani Utara, Hafidz Setyo Susanto, dan Samuel Hiskia Lumbanraja. “Analisis Kekuasaan Eksekutorial Di Indonesia Dalam Eksekusi Objek Jaminan Yang Dibebani Hak Tanggungan (Putusan MA Nomor 3418 K/Pdt/2019).” Diponegoro Private Law Review 5, no. 2 (2023): 116–131.
Manurung, Martin Anggiat Maranata, dan Jawade Hafidz. “Perlindungan Hukum Terhadap Kreditor Apabila Objek Jaminan Fidusia Ternyata Hilang Dan Debitor Wanprestasi (Studi Kasus Di PT. Bank Perkreditan Rakyat Dinamika Bangun Arta Salatiga).” JURNAL AKTA 4, no. 1 (2017): 37–40. https://doi.org/10.30659/akta.v4i1.1554.
Mooney, Charles. “The (Il)Legitimacy of Bankruptcies for the Benefit of Secured Creditors.” University of Illinois Law Review, 1 Januari 2015. https://scholarship.law.upenn.edu/faculty_scholarship/1392.
M.Si, Dr Rukin, S. Pd. Metodologi Penelitian Kualitatif. Yayasan Ahmar Cendekia Indonesia, t.t.
Mubarak, Hakim Harismawan, dan Dona Budi Kharisma. “Perlindungan Hukum Terhadap Kreditor Separatis Dalam Eksekusi Harta Boedel Pailit Apabila Dihadapkan Dengan Sita Perkara Tindak Pidana Korupsi.” Jurnal Privat Law 11, no. 2 (2023): 255–264. https://doi.org/10.20961/privat.v11i2.49272.
Muhammad, Ramadhan. “Perlindungan Hukum Terhadap Kreditur Separatis Menurut Undang Undang Nomor 37 Tahun 2004 Tentang Kepailitan Dan Penundaan Kewajiban Pembayaran Utang.” Jurnal Analisis Hukum 1, no. 2 (2018): 187–201. https://doi.org/10.38043/jah.v1i2.2691.
Nugroho, L. D. “Comparison of At Taflis Wal Hajr in Islamic Law and Bankruptcy in Positive Law.” International Joint Conference on Science and Technology 2, no. 1 (2020): 144–148.
Nurohim, Muhammad. “Kedudukan Kreditur Separatis Atas Hak Jaminan Dalam Kepailitan Dan Penundaan Kewajiban Pembayaran Utang (PKPU) (Studi Kasus Putusan No. 12/Pdt.Sus-PKPU/2020/PN.Smg Jo No 21/Pdt.Sus-Pailit/2020/PN.Smg).” Jurnal Pendidikan Tambusai 7, no. 2 (2023): 13042–13049. https://doi.org/10.31004/jptam.v7i2.8461.
Putri, Indri Adelia. “Perlindungan Hukum Bagi Kreditor Separatis Dalam Pembagian Dan Pemberesan Harta Pailit.” Jaksa : Jurnal Kajian Ilmu Hukum Dan Politik 2, no. 2 (2023): 299–305. https://doi.org/10.51903/jaksa.v2i2.1702.
Rachmat, Runarianu, dan Suherman Suherman. “Perlindungan Hukum Terhadap Kreditor Pemegang Jaminan Fidusia Terhadap Harta Debitor Yang Dinyatakan Pailit.” ADIL: Jurnal Hukum 11, no. 1 (2020). https://doi.org/10.33476/ajl.v11i1.1446.
Safira, Alma. “Perlindungan Hukum terhadap Kurator dalam Melakukan Pemberesan Harta Pailit.” Syntax Idea 3, no. 5 (2021): 996–1106. https://doi.org/10.46799/syntax-idea.v3i5.1191.
Saleh, Moh, Dwi Martini, Diman Ade Mulada, dan Khairus Febryan Fitrahady. “Kurator Sebagai Eksekutor Dalam Penyelesaian Kasus Kepailitan.” Jurnal Risalah Kenotariatan 2, no. 1 (2021). https://doi.org/10.29303/risalahkenotariatan.v2i1.51.
Saud, Andreas S. Y. “Penangguhan Eksekusi Hak Kreditor Separatis Menurut Undang-Undang Nomor 37 Tahun 2004.” LEX PRIVATUM 10, no. 1 (2022). https://ejournal.unsrat.ac.id/v3/index.php/lexprivatum/article/view/38071.
Sentika, Adilah Dea, dan Raden Besse Kartoningrat. “Kedudukan Kreditor Separatis Dalam Mengeksekusi Objek Jaminan Saat Terjadi Kepailitan.” PERSPEKTIF : Kajian Masalah Hukum Dan Pembangunan 25, no. 1 (2020): 63–73. https://doi.org/10.30742/perspektif.v25i1.751.
Setiawan, Albi Anggito, Johan. Metodologi penelitian kualitatif. CV Jejak (Jejak Publisher), 2018.
Sianturi, Martunas, Dewi Iryani, dan Puguh Aji Hari Setiawan. “Tugas, Peran Dan Tanggung Jawab Kurator Dalam Kepailitan.” Co-Value Jurnal Ekonomi Koperasi Dan Kewirausahaan 14, no. 6 (2023): 751–760. https://doi.org/10.59188/covalue.v14i6.3945.
Sidabutar, Lambok Marisi Jakobus. “Hukum Kepailitan dalam Eksekusi Harta Benda Korporasi sebagai Pembayaran Uang Pengganti.” Integritas: Jurnal Antikorupsi 5, no. 2 (2019): 75–86. https://doi.org/10.32697/integritas.v5i2.474.
Silalahi, Udin, dan Claudia Claudia. “Kedudukan Kreditor Separatis Atas Hak Jaminan Dalam Proses Kepailitan.” Masalah-Masalah Hukum 49, no. 1 (2020): 35–47. https://doi.org/10.14710/mmh.49.1.2020.35-47.
Sinaga, Comodor Erfisen, Bernard Nainggolan, dan Wiwik Sri Widiarty. “Efektivitas Pemberesan Boedel Pailit Oleh Kurator Dan Perlindungan Hak Terhadap Kreditur Separatis Bank.” Action Research Literate 8, no. 11 (2023): 3103–3118. https://doi.org/10.46799/arl.v8i11.2351.
Slamet, Sri Redjeki. “Perlindungan Hukum Dan Kedudukan Kreditor Separatis Dalam Hal Terjadi Kepailitan Terhadap Debitor.” Forum Ilmiah 13, no. 01 (2016). https://ejurnal.esaunggul.ac.id/index.php/Formil/article/view/1394.
Sobrinho, Nelson. “Bankruptcy Technology, Finance, and Entrepreneurship1.” IMF Working Papers. IMF Working Papers 2017, no. 188 (2017). https://doi.org/10.5089/9781484314210.001.A001.
Sularto, Mr. “Perlindungan Hukum Kreditur Separatis Dalam Kepailitan.” OLD WEBSITE OF JURNAL MIMBAR HUKUM 24, no. 2 (2012): 241–253. https://doi.org/10.22146/jmh.16128.
Taskiyah, Talita, dan Gunawan Djajaputera. “Kedudukan Jaminan Kebendaan Yang Dibebani Hak Tanggungan Milik Pihak Ketiga Selaku Pemberi Jaminan Dalam Kepailitan.” Syntax Literate ; Jurnal Ilmiah Indonesia 7, no. 12 (2022): 17120–17129. https://doi.org/10.36418/syntax-literate.v7i12.10492.
Yuristian, Angga. “Hak Kreditor Separatis Dalam Mengeksekusi Jaminan Kebendaan Dari Debitor Pailit Yang Berasal Dari PKPU.” Jurist-Diction 5, no. 6 (2022): 2051–2068. https://doi.org/10.20473/jd.v5i6.40066.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Yuhelson, Nur Hakim

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.