Xenotransplantation: A Bioethical Inquiry from Islamic Perspectives
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.32332/al-jahiz.v5i2.9544Keywords:
Islamic-Thought, Sickness, Islamic-Bioethics, Porcine-XenotransplantationAbstract
Health, Sicknesses or Diseases in Man are part and parcel of human existence. Islamic Bioethics cover all these life time events from before birth to death and after death. Islamic Thought has indispensable contributions in and is inseparable from Islamic Bioethics. Major Organ Failures are increasingly prevalent and affect the quality of life and survival of enormous number of patients. Allotransplantation gives the ‘second’ life to these patients. However, the supply gap of Human Organs results in phenomenal bioethical and legal problems. Xenotransplantation, especially Porcine Xenotransplantation, can solve this supply gap and those consequential problems. A systematic analysis using English Publications is done to ascertain various bioethical aspects of Xenotransplantation as applicable from the Islamic Perspectives. The authors argue that the prohibition of Pork in Islam is metaphysical. The current permissibility for PXT may be premature and over-simplifies a much-complicated issue. Public interest is often under-considered in Organ Transplantation deliberations. The contributions of Islamic Thought and Islamic Bioethics in Health, Sickness, Treatment, PXT and theological objections to PXT are analysed and discussed. Muslim Countries may have the obligation of promoting and ensuring the success of PXT especially for the interests of under-privileged Muslims.
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Qotadah, H. A., & Syarifah, M. (2022). Pig Kidney Xenotransplantation as an Alternative Solution of Hifdz Al Nafs. International Journal of Islamic Khazanah, 12(2), 94–102.
Rady, M. Y., & Verheijde, J. L. (2014). The Moral Code in Islam and Organ Donation in Western Countries: Reinterpreting Religious Scriptures to Meet Utilitarian Medical Objectives. Philosophy, Ethics and Humanities in Medicine, 9(11), 1–9.
Ragab, A. (2022). The Piety of Health: The Making of Health in Islamic Religious Narratives. In A. al_Akiti & A. I. Padela (Eds.), Islam and Biomedicine (pp. 39–62). Springer Nature Switzerland AG, Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland.
Rajab, J., & Irfan, M. (2022). Contemporary International Principles of Medical Ethics. In M. M. Nordin (Ed.), FIMA Yearbook 2020 (pp. 22–30). Jordan Society for Islamic Medical Sciences, Amman, Jordan.
Rashid, S. R. (2022). When does Ensoulment occur in the Human Foetus? Journal of the British Islamic Medical Association, 12(4), 16–22.
Rashid, S. R. (2023). Unstable Life: A Comprehensive Rebuttal Establishing the Legitimacy of Organ Retrieval in Brain Death Patients in Islamic Jurisprudence. Journal of the British Islamic Medical Association, 14(5), 4–14.
Robert, A. A., Al-Dawish, A., Mujammami, M., & Dawish, M. A. Al. (2018). Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus in Saudi Arabia: A Soaring Epidemic. International Journal of Pediatrics, 2018, 1–9.
Rouzati, N. (2018). Evil and Human suffering in Islamic Thought—Towards a Mystical Theodicy. Religions, 9(47), 1–13.
Sachedina, A. (2009). Islamic Biomedical Ethics: Principles and Application. Oxford University Press Inc., 198 Madison Avenue, New York, New York 10016, USA.
Setia, A. (2022). Islamic Ethics in Engagement with Life, Health, and Medicine. In A. al- Akiti & A. I. Padela (Eds.), Islam and Biomedicine (pp. 79–102). Springer Nature Switzerland AG , Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland.
Shabana, A. (2014). Bioethics in Islamic Thought. Religion Compass, 8(11), 337–346.
Shabana, A. (2019). Islamic law and bioethics. In K. A. El Fadl, A. A. Ahmad, & S. F. Hassan (Eds.), Routledge Handbook of Islamic Law (pp. 112–124). Taylor and Francis, London, United Kingdom.
Shomali, M. A. (2008). Islamic Bioethics: a General Scheme. J Med Ethics Hist Med, 1(1), 1–8.
Tu, Y., Zhao, X., Chen, G., & Zhu, L. (2024). A Study of Knowledge and Acceptance of Kidney Xenotransplantation among Chinese Kidney Transplant Recipients and Candidates. Xenotransplantation, 31, 1–16.
Wong, K. L., & Faris, W. F. (2023). Necessity in Xenotransplantation: Islamic Perspectives Revisited. Al Shajarah, 28(2), 367–405.
Wong, K. L., & Faris, W. F. (2024). Islamic Bioethics, Porcine Therapeutics and Porcine Xenotransplantation: Islamic Perspectives. Al-Afkar: Journal For Islamic Studies, 7(2), 114–134.
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National Bioethics Advisory Commission. (2001). Ethical and policy issues in international research: Clinical trials in developing countries. Retrieved from https://bioethicsarchive.georgetown.edu/nbac/pubs.html
Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology News. (2024). eGenesis, PorMedTec Engineer Pig Donors in Japan for Xenotransplantation. Retrieved from
https://www.genengnews.com/topics/genome-editing/egenesis-pormedtec-engineer-pig-donors-in-japan-for-xenotransplantation/
Akboğa, Ö. S., & Hobek, A. R. (2023). Acceptance of xenotransplantation by patients waiting for organ donation: A qualitative study. Xenotransplantation, 1–7.
Akhmad, S. A., & Rosita, L. (2012). Islamic Bioethics: The Art of Decision Making. Indonesian Journal of Legal and Forensic Sciences, 2(1), 8–12.
Albar, M. A., & Chamsi-Pasha, H. (2015). Contemporary Bioethics Islamic Perspective. Springer International Publishing AG Switzerland.
Ali, J. A. (2021). Islamic Perspectives on Organ Transplantation: A Continuous Debate. Religions, 12(8), 7–22.
Ali, M., & Maravia, U. (2020). Seven Faces of a Fatwa: Organ Transplantation and Islam. Religions, 11(2), 1–22.
Ali, M., Maravia, U., & Padela, A. I. (2023). Religious Viewpoints: Sunni Islam. In D. J. Hurst, L. Padilla, & W. D. Paris (Eds.), Xenotransplantation: Ethical, Regulatory, and Social Aspects (pp. 163–177). Springer Nature Switzerland AG, Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland.
Ambagtsheer, F. (2021). Understanding the Challenges to Investigating and Prosecuting Organ Trafficking: a Comparative Analysis of Two cases. Trends in Organized Crime, 1–28.
Andrade, G., AboHamza, E., Elsantil, Y., Ayoub, A. E., & Bedewy, D. (2024). Moral Approval of Xenotransplantation in Egypt: Associations with Religion, Attitudes towards Animals and Demographic Factors. BMC Medical Ethics, 25(19), 1–15.
Aristizabal, A. M., Caicedo, L. A., Martínez, J. M., Moreno, M., & Echeverri, G. J. (2017). Clinical Xenotransplantation, a Closer Reality: Literature Review. Cirugía Española (English Edition), 95(2), 62–72.
Ay, M. (2012). Theo-Ethical Admissibility and Limitations of Tampering with Human Nature in Islamic Theology. In B. Arda & V. Rispler-Chaim (Eds.), Islam and Bioethics (pp. 109–118). Ankara.
Azri, B., Mahyuddin, M., Luqman, A., Zaki, M. A., Dasuqkhi, M., & Solahuddin, M. (2017). Element of Swine from the Perspective of Fiqh Ruling and Fatwa in Malaysia. Pertanika J. Soc. Sci. & Hum, 25, 111–126.
Bakar, O. (2022). The Concept of a Human Microcosm: Exploring Possibilities for a Synthesis of Traditional and Modern Biomedicine. In A. al-Akiti & A. I. Padela (Eds.), Islam and Biomedicine (pp. 63–77). Springer Nature Switzerland AG, Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland.
Butt, M. Z. (2019). Organ Donation and Transplantation in Islam An Opinion.
Chamsi-Pasha, H., & Albar, M. A. (2013). Western and Islamic Bioethics: How Close is the Gap? Avicenna Journal of Medicine, 3(1), 8–14.
Chamsi-Pasha, H., & Albar, M. Al. (2019). Principles of Islamic Medical Ethics. Journal of the British Islamic Medical Association, 1(1), 3–7.
Cho, B., Lee, E. J., Ahn, S. M., Kim, G., Lee, S. H., Ji, D. Y., & Kang, J. T. (2019). Production of Genetically Modified Pigs Expressing Human Insulin and C-peptide as a Source of Islets for Xenotransplantation. Transgenic Research, 28(5–6), 549–559.
Daar, A. S., & Al Khitamy, B. (2001). Bioethics for Clinicians: 21. Islamic Bioethics. Canadian Medical Association Journal, 164(1), 60–63.
Dayan, F., Sheraz, M. M., Al-Mahmood, A. K., & Islam, S. (2021). The Maximus of Necessity and its Application to Organ Transplantation: An Islamic Bioethical Perspective. Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science, 20(3), 511–524.
Domínguez-Gil, B., López-Fraga, M., Muller, E., & Gill, J. S. (2017). The Key Role of Health Professionals in Preventing and Combating Transplant-related crimes. Kidney International, 92(6), 1299–1302.
Dzukroni, A. A. (2022). The Polemic of Pig Kidney Xenotransplantation for Human Life Sustainability: An Overview of Islamic Legal Thoughts between Halal-Haram Principle and the Concept of Mashlahah. Mazahib Jurnal Pemikiran Hukum Islam, 21(1), 63–92.
Fadel, H. E. (2022). Evolution of Islamic Medical Ethics - An Overview. Journal of the British Islamic Medical Association, 12(4), 4–10.
Ghareeb, B. A. (2011). Human Genetics and Islam: Scientific and Medical Aspects. Journal of the Islamic Medical Association of North America, 43(2), 83–90.
Gonzalez, J., Garijo, I., & Sanchez, A. (2020). Organ Trafficking and Migration: A Bibliometric Analysis of an Untold Story. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(9), 1–11.
Hurst, D. J., & Cooper, D. K. C. (2024). Pressing Ethical Issues relating to Clinical Pig Organ Transplantation Studies. Xenotransplantation, 31, 1–5.
Interpol. (2021). Trafficking of Human Beings for the Purpose of Organ Removal in North and West Africa. www.INTERPOL.int
Islam, T. (2021). Organ Donation in Islam: A Search for a Broader Quranic Perspective. Religions, 12(8), 1–8.
Kazemi, A., Mahmoudi, S., & Ehsandoust, N. (2022). The Legal, Ethical, and Cultural Issues of Xenotransplantation in Iran. Bioethics and Health Law Journal, 2(1), 1–4.
Khan, A., Iqbal, A., & Slimi, H. (2022). Organ Transplant in Islam. Journal of the British Islamic Medical Association, 12(4), 11–15.
Khan, M. A. S. (2021). A Gift of Generosity—an Explanation of Organ and Tissue Donation and Transplantation for Muslim Audiences. Religions, 12(10), 1–20.
Kwon, I., Park, C. G., & Lee, S. H. (2020). Regulatory Aspects of Xenotransplantation in Korea. Xenotransplantation, 27, 1–8.
Miller, A. C. (2016). Opinions on the Legitimacy of Brain Death Among Sunni and Shi’a Scholars. Journal of Religion and Health, 55(2), 394–402.
Montgomery, R. A., Stern, J. M., Lonze, B. E., Tatapudi, V. S., Mangiola, M., Wu, M., Weldon, E., Lawson, N., Deterville, C., Dieter, R. A., Sullivan, B., Boulton, G., Parent, B., Piper, G., Sommer, P., Cawthon, S., Duggan, E., Ayares, D., Dandro, A., Fazio-Kroll, A., Kokkinaki, M., Burdorf, L., Lorber, M., Boeke, J.D., Pass, H., Keating, B., Griesemer, A., Ali, N.M., Mehta, S.A., Stewart, Z. A. (2022). Results of Two Cases of Pig-to-Human Kidney Xenotransplantation. New England Journal of Medicine, 386(20), 1889–1898.
Musa, H., & Nordin, M. M. (2022). The Permissibility of Judicially Prohibited and Impure Substances in Medicines from the Perspective of Contemporary Fiqh Councils. In M. M. Nordin (Ed.), FIMA Yearbook 2020 (pp. 36–39). Jordan Society for Islamic Medical Sciences, Amman, Jordan.
Nurmansyah, I., Oktaviana, S. K., & Azid, M. A. Abd. (2023). Human Pig Heart Transplant: Application of Abdullah Saeed’s Contextual Approach to QS. Al Maidah Verse 3. QiST: Journal of Quran and Tafseer Studies, 2(2), 238–254.
Padela, A. I. (2022). Integrating Science and Scripture to Produce Moral Knowledge: Assessing Maṣlaḥa and Ḍarūra in Islamic Bioethics and the Case of Organ Donation. In A. al-Akiti & A. I. Padela (Eds.), Islam and Biomedicine (pp. 295–316). Springer Nature Switzerland AG, Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland.
Padela, A. (2023). Methodological and Discursive Considerations for Islamic Bioethics Research and Writing. TAFHIM: IKIM Journal of Islam and the Contemporary World, 16(1), 31–64.
Padela, A. I., & Auda, J. (2020). The Moral Status of Organ Donation and Transplantation within Islamic Law: The Fiqh Council of North America’s Position. Transplantation Direct, 1–7.
Padela, A. I., & Duivenbode, R. (2018). The Ethics of Organ Donation, Donation after Circulatory Determination of Death, and Xenotransplantation from an Islamic Perspective. Xenotransplantation, 25(3), 1–12.
Padela, A. I., Shanawani, H., & Arozullah, A. (2011). Medical Experts & Islamic Scholars Deliberating over Brain Death: Gaps in the Applied Islamic Bioethics Discourse. In Muslim World (Vol. 101, Issue 1, pp. 53–72).
Padela, A. I., Titi. Mohammad, Keval, A., & Adelrahim, M. T. (2022). Muslims, Islam, and Organ Donation: Righting Social Narratives and Designing Ethically Balanced Educational Interventions. Experimental and Clinical Transplantation, 10, 885–894.
Parker, W. F., & Chin, M. H. (2020). Epistemic Authority and Trust in Shared Decision Making About Organ Transplantation. AMA Journal of Ethics, 22(5), 408–415.
Porrett, P. M., Orandi, B. J., Kumar, V., Houp, J., Anderson, D., Cozette Killian, A., Hauptfeld-Dolejsek, V., Martin, D. E., Macedon, S., Budd, N., Stegner, K. L., Dandro, A., Kokkinaki, M., Kuravi, K. V., Reed, R. D., Fatima, H., Killian, J. T., Baker, G., Perry, J., Wright, E.D., Cheung, M.D., Erman, E.N., Kraebber, K., Gamblin, T., Guy, L., George, J.F., Ayares, D., Locke, J. E. (2022). First Clinical-grade Porcine Kidney Xenotransplant using a Human Decedent Model. American Journal of Transplantation, 22(4), 1037–1053.
Qotadah, H. A., & Syarifah, M. (2022). Pig Kidney Xenotransplantation as an Alternative Solution of Hifdz Al Nafs. International Journal of Islamic Khazanah, 12(2), 94–102.
Rady, M. Y., & Verheijde, J. L. (2014). The Moral Code in Islam and Organ Donation in Western Countries: Reinterpreting Religious Scriptures to Meet Utilitarian Medical Objectives. Philosophy, Ethics and Humanities in Medicine, 9(11), 1–9.
Ragab, A. (2022). The Piety of Health: The Making of Health in Islamic Religious Narratives. In A. al_Akiti & A. I. Padela (Eds.), Islam and Biomedicine (pp. 39–62). Springer Nature Switzerland AG, Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland.
Rajab, J., & Irfan, M. (2022). Contemporary International Principles of Medical Ethics. In M. M. Nordin (Ed.), FIMA Yearbook 2020 (pp. 22–30). Jordan Society for Islamic Medical Sciences, Amman, Jordan.
Rashid, S. R. (2022). When does Ensoulment occur in the Human Foetus? Journal of the British Islamic Medical Association, 12(4), 16–22.
Rashid, S. R. (2023). Unstable Life: A Comprehensive Rebuttal Establishing the Legitimacy of Organ Retrieval in Brain Death Patients in Islamic Jurisprudence. Journal of the British Islamic Medical Association, 14(5), 4–14.
Robert, A. A., Al-Dawish, A., Mujammami, M., & Dawish, M. A. Al. (2018). Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus in Saudi Arabia: A Soaring Epidemic. International Journal of Pediatrics, 2018, 1–9.
Rouzati, N. (2018). Evil and Human suffering in Islamic Thought—Towards a Mystical Theodicy. Religions, 9(47), 1–13.
Sachedina, A. (2009). Islamic Biomedical Ethics: Principles and Application. Oxford University Press Inc., 198 Madison Avenue, New York, New York 10016, USA.
Setia, A. (2022). Islamic Ethics in Engagement with Life, Health, and Medicine. In A. al- Akiti & A. I. Padela (Eds.), Islam and Biomedicine (pp. 79–102). Springer Nature Switzerland AG , Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland.
Shabana, A. (2014). Bioethics in Islamic Thought. Religion Compass, 8(11), 337–346.
Shabana, A. (2019). Islamic law and bioethics. In K. A. El Fadl, A. A. Ahmad, & S. F. Hassan (Eds.), Routledge Handbook of Islamic Law (pp. 112–124). Taylor and Francis, London, United Kingdom.
Shomali, M. A. (2008). Islamic Bioethics: a General Scheme. J Med Ethics Hist Med, 1(1), 1–8.
Tu, Y., Zhao, X., Chen, G., & Zhu, L. (2024). A Study of Knowledge and Acceptance of Kidney Xenotransplantation among Chinese Kidney Transplant Recipients and Candidates. Xenotransplantation, 31, 1–16.
Wong, K. L., & Faris, W. F. (2023). Necessity in Xenotransplantation: Islamic Perspectives Revisited. Al Shajarah, 28(2), 367–405.
Wong, K. L., & Faris, W. F. (2024). Islamic Bioethics, Porcine Therapeutics and Porcine Xenotransplantation: Islamic Perspectives. Al-Afkar: Journal For Islamic Studies, 7(2), 114–134.
Website
National Bioethics Advisory Commission. (2001). Ethical and policy issues in international research: Clinical trials in developing countries. Retrieved from https://bioethicsarchive.georgetown.edu/nbac/pubs.html
Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology News. (2024). eGenesis, PorMedTec Engineer Pig Donors in Japan for Xenotransplantation. Retrieved from
https://www.genengnews.com/topics/genome-editing/egenesis-pormedtec-engineer-pig-donors-in-japan-for-xenotransplantation/
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Xenotransplantation: A Bioethical Inquiry from Islamic Perspectives. (2024). Al Jahiz: Journal of Biology Education Research, 5(2), 164-184. https://doi.org/10.32332/al-jahiz.v5i2.9544
