Women And Catcalling: An Analysis of Contributing Factors and Mitigating of Verbal/Non-Verbal Communication
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.32332/ath-thariq.v8i1.7739Keywords:
Catcalling, Patriarchal Culture, Verbal and Non-Verbal CommunicationAbstract
Sexual harassment in the form of catcalling is prevalent. This research aims to delve into the factors that contribute to catcalling behavior towards women and develop strategies to minimize its occurrence. Employing a literature review methodology, the study gathers information and data from relevant sources pertaining to the issue. Unlike previous research that solely focused on catcalling forms, this study analyzes contributing factors and mitigation strategies. The findings reveal that catcalling manifests in various forms of verbal and non-verbal communication, including whistling, calling, teasing, touching, and, in the most extreme cases, following, insulting, and assaulting the victim. Analysis of contributing factors highlights the pervasive role of patriarchal culture in society, which places power in the hands of men and objectifies women. Additionally, perpetrators of catcalling are driven by a range of psychological factors, such as attraction, a sense of power over women, self-gratification, and a desire for amusement with friends. Efforts to minimize verbal and non-verbal communication in catcalling, stemming from the understanding that catcalling is a form of sexual harassment, include ignoring the perpetrator and pretending to be preoccupied. While silence can be an alternative, resistance from the victim is more effective.
References
Chhun, B. (2010). Catcalls: Protected speech or fighting words. T. Jefferson L. Rev., 33, 273.
DelGreco, M., Ebesu Hubbard, A. S., & Denes, A. (2020). Communicating by Catcalling: Power Dynamics and Communicative Motivations in Street Harassment. Violence Against Women, 27(9), 1402–1426. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077801220927085
Dewi, I. A. A. (2019). Catcalling : Candaan, Pujian atau Pelecehan Seksual. Jurnal Hukum Kenotariatan, 4(2), 198–211.
di Gennaro, K., & Ritschel, C. (2019). Blurred lines: The relationship between catcalls and compliments. Women’s Studies International Forum, 75, 102239.
Eastwood, E. (2015). What, can’t you take a Compliment?: A Qualitative Study of Catcalling.
Fairchild, K. (2010). Context effects on women’s perceptions of stranger harassment. Sexuality & Culture, 14, 191–216.
Fairchild, K., & Rudman, L. A. (2008). Everyday stranger harassment and women’s objectification. Social Justice Research, 21(3), 338–357. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11211-008-0073-0
Farmer, O., & Smock Jordan, S. (2017). Experiences of Women Coping With Catcalling Experiences in New York City: A Pilot Study. Journal of Feminist Family Therapy, 29(4), 205–225. https://doi.org/10.1080/08952833.2017.1373577
Fisher, S., Lindner, D., & Ferguson, C. J. (2019). The effects of exposure to catcalling on women’s state self-objectification and body image. Current Psychology, 38, 1495–1502.
Hidayat, A., & Setyanto, Y. (2020). Fenomena Catcalling sebagai Bentuk Pelecehan Seksual secara Verbal terhadap Perempuan di Jakarta. Koneksi, 3(2), 485. https://doi.org/10.24912/kn.v3i2.6487
Iflah, I., Huseini, M., & Putri, K. Y. S. (2021). Analisis Catcalling Terhadap Compliment Dalam Teori Speech Act. Jurnal Communicology, (9)((2)), 151–173.
Kusumawati, T. I. (2019). Komunikasi Verbal Dan Nonverbal. Jurnal Pendidikan Dan Konseling, 6(2).
Martin, J. L. (2008). Peer sexual harassment: Finding voice, changing culture—An intervention strategy for adolescent females. Violence against Women, 14(1), 100–124.
McCarty, M. K., Iannone, N. E., & Kelly, J. R. (2014). Stranger danger: The role of perpetrator and context in moderating reactions to sexual harassment. Sexuality & Culture, 18, 739–758.
McDonald, L. (2022). Cat‐Calls, Compliments and Coercion. Pacific Philosophical Quarterly, 103(1), 208–230.
Mulianti, M., & Syukur, M. (2021). Fenomena Catcalling Terhadap Perempuan Berjilbab Studi Pada Mahasiswi (Fakultas Ilmu Sosial Dan Hukum Universitas Negeri Makassar). Pinisi Journal of Sociology Education Review, 1, 144–152.
Pitaloka, E. P. T. R., & Putri, A. K. (2021). Pemaknaan Kekerasan Simbolik Dalam Pelecehan Seksual Secara Verbal (Catcalling). Journal of Development and Social Change, 4(1), 90–114.
Qila, S. Z., Rahmadina, R. N., & Azizah, F. (2021). Catcalling sebagai bentuk pelecehan seksual traumatis. Jurnal Mahasiswa Komunikasi Cantrik, 1(2).
Ramadhan, I., Agnesica, R., & Sihaloho, H. (2021). Gender Equality: International Journal of Child and Gender Studies Catcalling awareness among Universitas Pertamina’ students from the perspective of Security Studies. 7(2), 169.
Ramadhania, S. I. (2021). Pengalaman Mahasiswi Berhijab Yang Mengalami Catcalling. Jurnal Penelitian Pers Dan Komunikasi Pembangunan, 25(2). https://doi.org/10.46426/jp2kp.v25i2.154
Saunders, B. A., Scaturro, C., Guarino, C., & Kelly, E. (2017). Contending with catcalling: The role of system-justifying beliefs and ambivalent sexism in predicting women’s coping experiences with (and men’s attributions for) stranger harassment. Current Psychology, 36, 324–338.
Sugiyono, S. (2013). Metode Penelitian Kualitatif . bandung: Alfabeta. Google Scholar Alfabeta.
Thalia, N. V., & Destiwati, R. (2022). Pengaruh Komunikasi Verbal dan Non Verbal Catcalling terhadap Tingkat Kecemasan Pada Remaja Perempuan di Depok. Seiko: Journal of Management & Business, 4(3), 242–257.
Triyadi, A. (2017). Perancangan Iklan Layanan Masyarakat Tentang Pelecehan Seksual Secara Verbal (Catcalling). Jurnal Sketsa, 4(1), 10–22.
Walton, K. A., & Pedersen, C. L. (2022). Motivations behind catcalling: exploring men’s engagement in street harassment behaviour. Psychology and Sexuality, 13(3), 689–703. https://doi.org/10.1080/19419899.2021.1909648
Whitworth, S. (2023). Feminisms. In Security Studies (pp. 82–98). Routledge.
Wibben, A. T. R. (2016). Debates in feminist security studies. In Routledge Handbook of Security Studies (pp. 85–94). Routledge.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
