Author Guidelines

General Standards

1. Include a few of your article's keywords in the title of the article;
2. Do not use long article titles;
3. Pick 3 to 5 keywords using a mix of generic and more specific terms on the article subject(s);
4. Use the maximum amount of keywords in the first 2 sentences of the abstract;
5. Use some of the keywords in level 1 headings.

• Background of study
• Aims and scope of the paper
• Methods
• Summary of results or findings
• Conclusions

Keywords: All article types: you may provide up to 5 keywords; at least 3 are mandatory.

Nomenclature
The use of abbreviations should be kept to a minimum. Non-standard abbreviations should be avoided unless they appear at least four times, and are defined upon first use in the main text.

Sections
Your manuscript is organized by headings and subheadings. For Original Research Articles, it is recommended to organize your manuscript in the following sections:

1. Begin the Introduction by providing a concise background account of the problem studied.
2. State the objective of the investigation. Your research objective is the most important part of the introduction.
3. Establish the significance of your work: Why was there a need to conduct the study?
4. Introduce the reader to the pertinent literature. Do not give a full history of the topic. Only quote previous work having a direct bearing on the present problem. (State-of-the-art, relevant research to justify the novelty of the manuscript.)
5. State the gap analysis or novelty statement.
6. Clearly state your hypothesis, and the variables investigated, and concisely summarize the methods used.
7. Define any abbreviations or specialized/regional terms.

Example of a novelty statement or the gap analysis statement at the end of the Introduction section (after the state of the art of the previous research survey): "........ (short summary of background)....... A few researchers focused on ....... There have been limited studies concerned on ........ Therefore, this research intends to ................. The objectives of this research are .........".

Be concise and aware of who will be reading your manuscript and make sure the Introduction is directed to that audience. Move from general to specific; from the problem in the real world to the literature to your research. Lastly, please avoid making a subsection in the Introduction.

For research methods included in the introduction. In the Method section, you explain clearly how you conducted your research in order to: (1) enable readers to evaluate the work performed and (2) permit others to replicate your research. You must describe exactly what you did: what and how experiments were run, what, how much, how often, where, when, and why equipment and materials were used. The main consideration is to ensure that enough detail is provided to verify your findings and to enable the replication of the research. You should maintain a balance between brevity (you cannot describe every technical issue) and completeness (you need to give adequate detail so that readers know what happened).

In the social and behavioral sciences, it is important to always provide sufficient information to allow other researchers to adopt or replicate your methodology. This information is particularly important when a new method has been developed or innovative use of an existing method is utilized. Last, please avoid making a sub-section in Method.

Tips for Method:

1. Define the population and the methods of sampling;
2. Describe the instrumentation;
   Describe the procedures and if relevant, the time frame;
3. Describe the analysis plan;
4. Describe any approaches to ensure validity and reliability;
5. State any assumptions;
6. Describe statistical tests and the comparisons made; ordinary statistical methods should be used without comment; advanced or unusual methods may require a literature citation, and;
7. Describe the scope and/or limitations of the methodology you used.

The discussion will always connect to the introduction by way of the research questions or hypotheses you posed and the literature you reviewed, but it does not simply repeat or rearrange the introduction; the discussion should always explain how your study has moved the reader's understanding of the research problem forward from where you left them at the end of the introduction.

To make your message clear, the discussion should be kept as short as possible while clearly and fully stating, supporting, explaining, and defending your answers and discussing other important and directly relevant issues. Care must be taken to provide commentary and not a reiteration of the results. Side issues should not be included, as these tend to obscure the message.

Tips Results and Discussion:

1. State the Major Findings of the Study;
2. Explain the Meaning of the Findings and Why the Findings Are Important;
3. Support the answers with the results. Explain how your results relate to expectations and to the literature, clearly stating why they are acceptable and how they are consistent or fit in with previously published knowledge on the topic;
4. Relate the Findings to Those of Similar Studies;
5. Consider Alternative Explanations of the Findings;
6. Implications of the study;
7. Acknowledge the Study's Limitations, and;
8. Make Suggestions for Further Research.

It is easy to inflate the interpretation of the results. Be careful that your interpretation of the results does not go beyond what is supported by the data. The data are the data: nothing more, nothing less. Please avoid and makeover interpretation of the results, unwarranted speculation, inflating the importance of the findings, tangential issues or over-emphasize the impact of your research.

• The graphic should be simple, but informative;
• The use of color is encouraged;
• The graphic should uphold the standards of a scholarly, professional publication;
• The graphic must be entirely original, unpublished artwork created by one of the co-authors;
• The graphic should not include a photograph, drawing, or caricature of any person, living or deceased;
• Do not include postage stamps or currency from any country, or trademarked items (company logos, images, and products), and;
• Avoid choosing a graphic that already appears within the text of the manuscript.
  To see the samples of the table and figure, please download the template of the Tarbawiyah : Jurnal Ilmiah Pendidikan.

Last, please avoid making a subsection in Results and Discussion.

Tips for Conclusion:

1. State your conclusions clearly and concisely. Be brief and stick to the point;
2. Explain why your study is important to the reader. You should instill in the reader a sense of relevance;
3. Prove to the reader, and the scientific community, that your findings are worthy of note. This means setting your paper in the context of previous work. The implications of your findings should be discussed within a realistic framework, and;

For most essays, one well-developed paragraph is sufficient for a conclusion, although in some cases, a two or three-paragraph conclusion may be required. Another important thing about this section is (1) do not rewrite the abstract; (2) statements with "investigated" or "studied" are not conclusions; (3) do not introduce new arguments, evidence, new ideas, or information unrelated to the topic; (4) do not include evidence (quotations, statistics, etc.) that should be in the body of the paper.

In-text citations should be called according to the surname of the first author, followed by the year. For works by 2 authors include both surnames, followed by the title. For works by more than 2 authors include only the surname of the first author, followed by et al., followed by the Title. For assistance please use management reference (Zotero or Mendeley) and utilize the format of the Chicago Manual of Style 17 th edition. If possible, please provide the retrieved link for each reference.

Figures and Table Guidelines

• Include scale bars
• Consider labeling important items
• Indicate the meaning of different colors and symbols used

• Clear and concise legend/caption
• Data is divided into categories for clarity
• Sufficient spacing between columns and rows
• Units are a provided font type and size are legible

Image Size
Figure images should be prepared with the PDF layout in mind, individual figures should not be longer than one page and with a width that corresponds to 1 column or 2 columns.

Colour Image Mode
Images must be submitted in the color mode RGB.

Resolution Requirements
All images must be uploaded separately in the submission procedure and have a resolution of 300 dpi at the final size. Check the resolution of your figure by enlarging it to 150%. If the resolution is too low, the image will appear blurry, jagged, or have a stair-stepped effect.

Please note saving a figure directly as an image file (JPEG, TIF) can greatly affect the resolution of your image. To avoid this, one option is to export the file as PDF, then convert it into TIFF or EPS using graphics software. EPS files can be uploaded upon acceptance.